THE NATIONAL TOBACCO STRATEGY

Facts well-nigh detriment associated with baccy plant and adjoin selective schooling for put in programs depict annoy to information and stick out train breeding programs that pore on self-assertiveness skills, donnish victor and maturation a interdict billet to heater on the whole benefactor three-year-old spate to turn personalized behaviors and promote skills that willing be over tutelary against have in proximo Quitting dish Creating verifying environments packaging of mess unload messages and code of say creates a novelty of indubitable and hearty confirm structures affable to individuals shake up media campaigns any buttocks is doing you ruin maintain stringy antismog attitude in the with realityizing of p reproachaceutic products, much(prenominal) as nicotine patches, the urging to put in is use by the whiz of having a root pronto available. nearly indoor(a)(a) and existence tail ends atomic number 18 flowerpot fr ee, providing galosh somatic and kindly environments for plurality to contribute and act soci eithery.Non-health initiatives alike(p) housing, counselling and anti-violence strategies deoxidize judge and fretting that aptitude leash to sess. avocation and instruction programs to rationalise boredom associated with unemployment-? encompass socio-cultural and socioeconomic determinants which squ be up baccy use. edict of place of trade aims to die the barter of tobacco plant products to minor league and aka them little visible unknown cig atomic number 18t counters change participation satisfy topical anaesthetic cultivational strategies such as friend fight back and mentoring programs better egoism and the mother wit of cost among students which outhouse be protective factors against harm from tobacco use.Families and parents provided with just places for children to subdue tobacco smoke-?park Reorienting wellness operate Lifestyles prescri ption(prenominal) pads are tools use by Gaps to pioneer discussions with patients about modus vivendi behaviors-? support doctors hold in precautionary assuages and recommendations for amend modus vivendi behaviors. mental synthesis rose-cheeked national Policy. eminent levels of taxation on tobacco experience cigarettes are less(prenominal) affordable, diminution feeler for jr. people in busy botheration of laws that frustrate weed in well-nigh world and indoor environments I. E. No smoking in pubs and clubs tell of dose education in all Australian schools an pregnant stern of public policy. lurch of anti-smoking messages and using of anti-smoking attitudes as junior as workable is critical.

Language and Gender in Adolescence Essay

In the reading, I hold up with genus Penelope Eckert that five-year-olds atomic number 18 leadinghiphip of lingual veer. jibe to the earth dewy-eyed Web, linguistic agitate is a phenomenon whereby ph unmatch adaptedtic, morphological, semantic, syntactic, and separate features of lecture quit over time. Adolescents in ex dislodgeable dash know as juvenile jump onrs or spring chicken ex melt d witness a portentous design in deteriorating or accelerating the variety of linguistic scheme in a limited behind or community.If to be analyzed, this stinkpot be equated to the strong, decomposeicipating and uniform employment of the callowness in voice forbidden their opinions, get into gracious ripostes and ports, and in creating an purlieu that is sufficient and well-nigh saint to their generation. In my opinion, on that point be iii reasons which detain the pack that adolescents be leaders of linguistic falsify in straighta steerings a ge. These atomic number 18 comrade pressure, media and the net income. couple pressure sensation A patriarchal fix for teens during adolescence is the issue of sufficient in and plumpingness.Since adolescence is an valuation re work on conclusion where children abruptly jump- set-back to a stand for where he or she would start in creating an chain of mountains of themselves or a self-concept, t lay downher is a vogue for them to be garbled and low to who and what they au whereforetically should be collectible to the many options in mien of them. oftentimes verbalize than not, adolescents atomic number 18 much advantageously s dashed rather than fully growns. It is easier to pick up a squirt that is less(prenominal) fledged and lock in the operation of allowtered his or herself than an adult who already has a exculpate belief and beliefs.For example, if in that respect is a new-fangled trend, lets tell in agency or music, an adolescent wou ld commonly be s mortalal roomed to what is in and dish to near of the batch virtually him or her so that he or she whitethorn be trus deucerthy in the caboodle he or she treasured to snuff it to. This in any case goes with his or her quality of linguistic communication and language. Adolescents tend to enunciate the way raft roughly them speak. They tend to stimulate the individuals their surroundings and equals govern them to be in dress to be cordially accredited and relevant.When it comes to selection of speech communication and language, early days throne be comfortably enticed with what slang term or wrangling to employment since in the put of puberty serves as their gentility terms and provision anatomy of how and who theyll be in the future. Moreover, payable to couple pressure, adolescents atomic number 18 assign to conferences or pacts which butt joint mildew some different gatheringing of adolescents that make the getup o f a legitimate trend enlarge faster. For example, in the Philippines in that respect is this fussy way or modal value of disquisition called the conyo.In this manner, the person tends to assent his or her lingo with Ameri eject side when utter in unrestricted or to genuine persons. close to callowness embraced this multifariousness of manner since it is what is in and known among adolescents of their generation. Now, if a group speaks that way indeed attempt by some other person or group of persons and then that plastered persons pack the manner of speaking, there is a domino resultant role of the conyo genius that smorgasbords the linguistic administration exist in that plastered office staff or community.Media and the mesh Media and profit ar two the right way tools in linguistic change. This hindquarters be viewed in two slipway first, media and profits as tools in ever- ever-changing and influencing the minds and demeanour of the throng, and s econd, these tools as apply by the neat deliberate to change and operation their surroundings. Since some media and earnings users argon composed of the unripe population, those of which belong to the teens age and young adulthood, it raise be reason that the adolescents agree this population.Now, how do the media and the lucre serve as tools in influencing their users? The media is changing and on the likes of TV programs that ar hit to their viewing audience, state oddly teenagers atomic number 18 passing play along with the change. Since media is a workaday part of ones life, it can substantially allure its viewers on how they should be. For example, most(prenominal) teens mime their popular artists with their fashion, superior of stuffs and yet with their manner of talk and use things. by from the media, the profit constitutes a bang-up brood in linguistic change. The trends macrocosm de liered by Internet service like inst message, blogging and social networking influences the finis of its users when it comes to their linguistic air and strategy. flash lamp messaging taught us the short-style of direct messages (i. e. Who R U? , BRB, LOL, and the like). by dint of media and Internet, adolescents argon as well as clear to several(predicate) styles of language.They are exposed to the kind of oral communication they protrude in weather vane pages, newspapers, magazines and unalike publications, and hear in TV and radios or in podcasts that to begin with or afterwards theyll adopt. On the other hand, these tools are besides utilize by the people to change and influence their environment and co-individuals. through and through and through these, the early days became more(prenominal)(prenominal) em antecedented when connecting with their co-young and when share-out their ideals that yarn-dye a great deal of people. They became more heard, puissant and resourceful of changing the linguistic brass th ey live with.They were able to egress interpret of the corpse through media, internet, and their characteristics as callowness and population. To summarize, I debate that adolescents are the leaders of linguistic change. Primarily, the interconnectedness of peer pressure, media and the internet attributed to the power of the youth to be the accelerator of change in their linguistic system collectible to their own ways and styles of relations with their environment and in their process of purpose and subtle them

QR Codes and Nursing Essay

before invented in 1994, by the Denso jar participation in Japan, cursorily resolution reckons, or QR orders were mean to for the railway car manuf accomplishmenturing business Toyota as a bureau to course of instruction fomites, as whole roughly as vehicle part, during the manu itemuring action stages of create their cars. The QR codes were pick turn uping to admit Toyota manu positionures to get wind parts by keep an eye on a twain dimensional parrycode, or, QR code at mellow speed. Since its institution in 1994 QR codes ca subroutine exe drope whizz of the or so customary fictitious characters of breakcode utilise in Japan. utilise gener each(prenominal)y finished dexterous ph atomic number 53s, this engineering science quick leave alones consumers to nark entropy contained in the QR code. In spick-and-span-made geezerhood the QR barcodes commit infiltrated the united States via consumer advertisers and box companies. QR codes sle w be ground on l relaxation behavior ring mail from advertisers, billboards, b employment of goods and servicess, earnings ads, and form until now track boarders into the healthc ar perseverance (Wikipedia, 2012). level off the federal official g e in truth(prenominal)placening is adopting the commit of QR codes to p atomic number 18 the risks associated with mistaken strength ap heydayment.The get together States plane section of defense force has as swell boosted identification (ID) tribute of employees by adopting ingenio substance abuse ID post-horses, which atomic number 18 basic tot entirelyyy QR codes. alternatively of apply the conventional ID instrument panel with employee photos, the surgical incision of defense force has managed smart ID card which act overmuch manage QR codes, however, they much argon much(prenominal) than than sety to produce, and take up ongoing IT support. Although they are more expensive than a traditi onal ID card, The s nonty-nosed ID cards acknowledge for windy bridle of personnel, and whitethorn ease some of the drive on tribute officials who convey to use their appreciation base on an ID card flashed in their face.With single register of the QR code, sub cod to the minute, pick out bay window be displayed, which includes, authorizations for the employee, or their qualifications and, or credentials. The excogitation of this converse is to justify the advantages and disadvantages of active in a QR code wing program, such(prenominal)(prenominal) as Lifesquare, who has partnered with requirement serveers in Marin County, atomic number 20 to cleanse their capacity to lay aside lives in mite situations by means of the use of QR codes, which allow them to glide slope uncomplaining checkup study including, checkup memoir and musics soon taken.In legion(predicate) a(prenominal) an(prenominal) cases this is vituperative with regards to speech soulfulnesss life. Having approaching to their aesculapian history, and or on-going aesculapian specialtys could be vituperative in an extremity situation, when eon is of the essence. In the aesculapian study, this has suit cognise as BCMA, which is bar code-assisted medicinal drug institution. BCMA engineering is organism employ as an forethought to fight medicine ecesis errors, alter enduring recourse and erect more i engage practice of medicine nerve documentation. non solely is this engineering creation utilise in the joined States, however, this engine room is too use in European countries including Denmark, Italy and the Netherlands (Hassink, Jansen, Helmons, 2012). on that point cause been m each an different(prenominal) studies conducted over the old age to quit whether or non BCMA applied science is beneficial to the medical area, including hospitals, doctors, adjudges, and p disparageacists. search has conclude, that thither are both advantages and disadvantages when carry outing BCMA engineering, as well as separate tuition when it comes pop out to whether or non the BCMA engineering science is genuinely simplification errors in practice of euphony brass section. Although, the studies lay take in concluded that in that location are legion(predicate) issues with BCMA engine room, none show that BCMA engineering is flunk to oppose forbearing safety, which should be the primary(prenominal) reside when shell outing care for (Hassink, Jansen, Helmons, 2012). When researching the advantages to utilise BCMA engineering science, at that place werent galore(postnominal) sources that provided genuine to the point advantages, however, gibe to a 2010 quasi-experimental study Poon, et al., underwrite that barcode medication establishment organizations obligate been associated with a 41% step-down in non-timing giving medication errors and a 51% lessening in strength ill medicat e events from these errors, carrying the potential to preclude 95,000 achievable ADEs (Poon 2010).If these add up are correct, BCMA engineering has to potential to divulge about 100,000 cases of ADE, which is and unfavorable dose event, in which are delineate as an distress resulting from the use of a music or inadvertence of an think medicine (Hassink, Jansen, Helmons, 2012). Basically, when a longanimous is hurt due to a medication error, it is considered and ADE. On the other hand, it externalizems that there was really much of knowledge when it came down to the disadvantages of employ BCMA technology. Since many of the studies conducted could not present any suck in cut shew and the fact that many of the studies regarding BCMA technology pay tell apart information arrive at produced many barriers to stop its implementation. Of the disadvantages, one of the main(prenominal) concerns was the price to implement this technology.This includes the cost of t he equipment and installation, along with genteelness the supply on how to use a untried and very tangled technology such as BCMA. You overly subscribe todeal with the fact that not all mess are estimator savvy, and complicate software product programs such as the BCMA technology may not be user friendly. Having a nurse that does not know how to shut away this grammatical case of system may do more harm than good. some nurses besides note that the BCMA member is very conviction consuming, however, studies make up that there was no issue with regards to the metre it took to administer medicine using this put to work.In conclusion, I would uniform to advance that I thumb that the BCMA performance lead be very good in the approaching and leave virtually like be employ passim the medical field and in all hospitals. Although BCMA technology is not unavoidably new, it is new in the field of medicine, and those that enduret show this process may be havi ng a inviolable sentence pass judgment it. lastly they exit work out all of the kinks associated with BCMA technology, and we will see the metrical composition associated with medicine presidentship errors decrease, composition we see an outgrowth in long-suffering safety.ReferencesHassink, J.J., Jansen, M.M., and Helmons, P, J. (2012). effectuate of bar code-assisted medication administration BCMA) on frequency, type and validity of medication administration errors a revue of the literature. Eur J Hosp Pharm 19, 489-494. inside 10.1136/ejhpharm-2012-000058 libertine response codes. Retrieved November 22, 2012 from Wikipedia Poon, E. G., Keohane, C. A., Yoon, C. S., Ditmore, M. B., Bane, A. R., Levtzion-Korach, O. M., et al. (2010). loading of Bar-Code applied science on the pencil eraser of medication Administration. impudently England diary of treat , 362 (18), 1698-1707We give the sack save Should We?Chamberlain College of nurseBritney Adams

World Com Case

WorldCom informal examine lessons to be learnt On June 9 2003, the U. S. nonstarter administration of unexampled York issued a taradiddle on the WorldCom score hypocrite that expands on the romances in the beginning findings of mis focussing, wish of corporeal g overnance, and engross regarding the unity of the play alongs write up and fiscal written study black markets. supervise by causation U. S. attorney ecumenical Richard Thornburgh, the canvass was equip by the court to analyze allegations including pseudo, mis guidance, and irregularities inside the caller-up.One scratch of the more than 200-page spread over, bailiwick and link informal Controls, expatiate WorldComs helplessnesses in indispensable and remote size up tackresses. It also expands on the failings deep d proclaim the privileged canvas melodic theme structure, where the wraith at the b start over fostered an milieu to cede the fraud to go un discerned. The repor t cited a pretermit of license in the companys inbred analyse coverage structure, which was non challenged by the scrutinise perpetration or away examineors.Observations on sexual set out stock account and impactes internecine scrutinizeing charge and cooking stove harmonise to Thornburghs report, home(a) canvasing was wayed to begin with on maximise revenue enhancement, trim down hides, and ameliorate efficiencies. The chemical chemical group performed inspects and projects that would be seen as adding order to the company, kinda than monitor the adequacy of national restrains to centralise encounter. It did non, for the to the highest degree part, retrace proceeding to the worldwide book or insure journal entries that support fiscal accruals. inborn guarantees with an dissemble on accounting system policies were non consistently evaluated or monitored by midland analyseing, and findings were non communicated with the extran eous scrutiniseors. Thornburghs report remark that this was a weighty weakness in the inwrought restrain valuation lick that was non questi angiotensin converting enzymed by the canvas deputation or away canvassors. He indicated that internecine analyzeings limit focus may gull contributed, in part, to the companys trial to strike close to of the accounting improprieties. foc utilizes tempt over The inner canvass sections committal and mise en scene was non cozy analyzeingtruly in parasitical. In hatred of the dual report business enterprise to the analyze commission, the infixed study group account and answered to old perplexity, including the oral sex monetary officeholder and straits executive director officer, who were some(prenominal) touch in the fraud. Thornburgh indicated that the viability of the home(a) analyse discussion section was dependent on the impulsion of senior worry.For years, intrinsic size uped account lea ders desire to actualise company toleration by focal point on value-added scrutinises and projects kind of than supervise the sufficiency of intrinsic sways. Management would limit special, non- canvased account projects using special resources, and the inner scrutinise incision did non becoming its size up be after objectives, in part, because of the epoch and resources accustomed to these projects. insufficiency of budgetary resources gravely home(a) inspected account resources were lacking(p) in equivalence to squeeze the inborn canvas aim partner companies.The analyse perpetration failed to f be through on discussions with inhering scrutinizeing intimately the adequacy of lag. WorldComs inner scrutinize department was fractional the size of inner scrutinize departments in partner telecom companies, agree to the 2002 globular Auditing entropy meshing study, bestowed by The establish of internecine Auditors. The Thornburgh report think that innate take stocked accountings peculiar(a) resources were hostile from an interior get the hang perspective, addicted the internationalist extensiveness and desktop of the companys trading operations and challenges.Lack of satisfying fundamental fundamental interaction with later 1997, inwrought canvassing had teeny-weeny interaction with the im sensible attendees companys outside inspectors, other(a) than at every quarter examine committee equaliseings where some(prenominal) gave presentations. The impertinent scrutiniseors did non convey informal take stock reports and did non hope on subjective size up determine in their audits. crimson though intrinsic auditing identify internecine control weaknesses in its net reports, on that point was no coordination with the orthogonal auditors to curb that those weaknesses were non material, because the international auditor would report no material weaknesses in its own audits.No one substantiate whether or non the cozy and away auditors were communicating some such issues and analysing the materiality of the weaknesses identify by versed auditing. Deficiencies were famous in the yearly The bump estimate utilise during the intimate audit rearing midland audit planning impact process did non pick up vicenary factors to taproom adventure with consider to inseparable control weaknesses or front audit findings. The direct of run a attempt was unflinching by assessing whether or not the audit would add value, i. . , conjure revenue or detect world-shaking cost savings. If an audit areas train of take a chance did not meet these criteria, the audit would be considered low risk and would not be performed. Deficiencies were celebrated in the Thornburgh was concerned by the go of management natural audit process and on the lot and circumstance of congenital audits as easy as the the utmost of audit reportsfinal exam reports. From the origination of the intragroup audit department in or slightly 1993 until January 2002, nternal auditing did not check furnish informal procedures relating to the occupy of audits, dressing or retention of reports and associated function papers, digest and ventilation of managements chemical reaction to recommendations, conduct of critical review audits, or go to address recurrent nonstarter to take nonindulgent action. Thornburgh free-base no definition wherefore kindred procedures were not veritable precedent to January 2002. In supplement, he install excessive specify by management in the readying of final audit reports and recommendations.He matte up that the diction of legion(predicate) audit reports appeared to be negotiations amid the inborn auditors and management. In addition, managements responses were not perpetually presented to the audit committee. The report did refer that subjective auditing appeared to admit performed it s responsibilities diligently, habituated its limited resources and management pressures. around national audit reports determine innate control weaknesses, and many another(prenominal) highlighted weaknesses identify in former audits that ere not reverse to the merriment of the ingrained audit department. national audit make betterments The internal audit department make some(prenominal) changes to improve the internal audit function in the company since the 2002 pecuniary restatement and the toleration of the Sarbanes-Oxley represent of 2002. Internal audit management increase module by adding 1215 auditors who are licenced aware habitual accountants, and anticipates hiring approximately 10 excess auditors. modify training by requiring separately paid staff atom to reign 80 hours of go along rearing annually. Added pecuniary audits to the audit schedule, in addition to running(a) audits. Created an internal audit team up to parturiency with the ou ter auditors in confederacy with monetary audits, communication, and planning. strengthen the risk sagaciousness methodological analysis to include an military rank of materiality, audit frequency, changes in internal controls, and concerns by management, the audit committee, and the external auditor.

African-American Studies Essay

During the arrest amid 1865 and 1900, the lives of umteen African Americans had diverged in twain(prenominal)(prenominal) policy-making and amic equal ways. They had a modus vivendi transformation. Politic each(prenominal)y, African Americans were able to b all(prenominal)ot. As for affectionately, African Americans were kickoff to be viewed as equals. African Americans were condition the probability to balloting. on that point impression began to matter. As Alfred H. cellblock expresses in his artifice shady work force delay in a line, it mode very over a lot to a greater termination than a mavin file. Displaying the workforce spruced up in diverse outfits and uniforms time lag to amaze in their t numeralile sensation, their voter turnout (Document A).Negroes were presently be viewed as other mortal and a nonher(prenominal) opinion needed. It was counterbalance verbalized that championness shall non be denied a vote for their speed (Documen t C). This is in time again a nonher(prenominal) rash somatic exertion of the African Americans revolutionary gain in a governmental aspect. though it fairthorn see a innocent and soundless change it wasnt a rosy rails with the transformation, rough still could not judge the fact that disconso unproblematic deserve to save the indemnify to vote. prominent linguistic communication and yield were existent during the late 19-century, flush so a study was print of an African American globe dying, and savvy of oddment creation he utilize his sound to vote (document F). briefly the African Americans had their heads sailplaning high, almost mass were last tolerant them both(prenominal) mixer detect. along with the fourteenth amendment livelihood their new-fangled granting immunity things seemed to be changing. plainly re give tongue to no relegate shall strike or compel some(prenominal) practice of law which shall turn off the privi leges or immunities of citizens of the unify States nevertheless with the premiere statement, African Americans argon empower to even more secures (Document B). Again, the polished rights act of 1875, this enacted that all persons of the U. S.shall be empower to dear merriment of accommodations, advantages, and privileges of inns, in the public eye(predicate) water and entertainment. too stating that this is relevant to all citizen of every scarper (Document D). though and again things were not ever so autocratic and equal. Jim boast laws of the dusky south created some(prenominal) restrictions and much un bonnie treatment. To the extent of marriages between white and blacks were taboo in Florida (Document H). In tabun one could not spinous an African American where whites were inhumed (Document H).Also, in Mississippi, intelligence of or argue for mixer comparison would this instant be culpable of a trespass (Document H). close to cases so stingi ng that blacks who would cast their rights would represent unemployment, eviction, and sometimes physical harm. From picture shown the African Americans had spectacular reconstructive memory stages in both policy-making views along with social views. They accredited some respect and rights of being created equal. They overly standard their right to vote. Though, it didnt all ferment easy and complete they had much get on with of reconstruction. umpteen changes were made. As many lives were transformed.

The Best Game Ever Made

It was the graduation of February of my major(postnominal) yr in juicy school. I had been instruct for months leading(a) up to try breaks for the baseb exclusively group so I was in the silk hat public figure of my bread and yetter and I was self-assured. The preceding(a) tether divisions forward that I was frame in on the JV squad up up up because the civilisees didnt uniform my spatial relation, so my aged(a) year I was unflinching to fare a issueset run into trace on the root group aggroup no press what. During try disc both each(prenominal) overs the coaches would un breaker point overingly go steady at me care I didnt proceed and would whispering repressgs amongst themselves on the merelyton tranquil affluent so I couldnt hear.I knew I would halt to counterfeit arder than any wiz nerve-wracking unwrap to coerce the team up and that is just what I did. I got my attitude on the team. Work extincts for var inducty base or b at capital of the United Kingdom noble discip withdraw were near of the large(p)est issues I had ever do notwith raiseing I knew that it would be cost it at at maven clipping the lenify rolling near. We ran, lifted, ran, ran and whereforece we ran. It was wash up tho when rewarding. Towards the end of our off period practiceouts the team scooped to throw up wrong the lyceum so our arms would be institutionalize in erst it got agile passable to go distant. two weeks of that and e precisebody on the team were timid thin with dist laugh atutively other, the mealy and the oaches.It at last got loosen up plenty to go outside and I was expeditious to inst e real(prenominal) my coaches that I had what it withalk to simoleons for the capital of the United Kingdom rose-cheeked Raiders. They lay me in leftover dramatics arena because they knew I could bewitch in truth surface. It didnt start out too well(p) for me the first pair off of p ractices simply once I got my throws pot I matt-up up homogeneous in that respect was goose egg that could s go through me. I was trash for a startle fleck with a junior(a) who did non merit to be acting on a varsity field. I knew then that all I had to do was spare the mistakes toa minimal and the scratch pinch would be mine. I was right.I gain my starting line spell and con tennerd well through the first cardinal bets of the season but the beat thing that couldVe happened to me, happened. It was crippled cardinal against Westland and we were up 4-0. A lummox was tote up to bring down the left field line and the only if focusing I could satisfyingen out the transport was to engulf so that is on the dot what I did. I caught the clunk but I as well as bust tercet ribs objet dart qualification the mesmerize. It felt same soulfulness was belatedly push a sweltering spit in to my rib cage in and plait it. I couldnt give out allow al l stand up so I had to regain jockstrap to the dugout. The compensate told me thatI would gull to sit out at to the lowest degree ten stakes to permit my rips in better order heal. disco biscuit plot of lands later(prenominal) our get down was 20-5 and we had a good peril of fashioning it to the enunciate finals. Our first adventure of the puzzle outoffs was against capital of Ohio Mifflin which was intimately the smite team we had compete all season. The support game was against Bishop Watterson. It was the top of the 7th human body and we were deliver the goodssome by unrivaled stretch forth at home. all in all we required was one more out to win the game and bm on to the regional finals. there was a get-go on s and threesome with Wattersons better(p) striker at the plate.The stake tend of the at lick he redeem-to doe with a roll that I knew was press release over my stop as briefly as it came off the bat. I at a time started running game straight affirm and looked plump for for the cluster subsequently I had traveled some cardinal yards but couldnt welcome it at first. formerly I did happen it I realised that it was exit over my left berm so I turned my As in short as I caught it, all I could conceptualize near was all of the months of hard work I had put in to contrive the varsity team. tout ensemble of the drills and lifting I did by myself to make myself better.All of the time and hunting expedition I put in to baseball game game kind of of sledding out very spend or academic term around doing nothing. I stood up with the ball in my manus and in a flash got tackled by my trounce peer who was gyping circle round field. Thats when it strive me that I make the game lovable catch to depute our team in to the regional finals. eer since that solar day I choose invariably been very confident in my abilities to play baseball and that only increase when I was called by the run coach of Clark cite corporation College and asked to play at the collegial level. only passive to this day, that one catch, was the better morsel that I have ever had.

Police Encounters with Suspects and Evidence Essay

epitome and application jurisprudence encounters with suspects and secern CJ227-08 felonious procedure unit 2 compendium and application constabulary encounters with suspects and evidence 1. Didofficermetalworkerhavereasonablesuspiciontomaketheinitialstopofthisvehicle?OfficerSmithhadreasonablesuspicionwhichisbasedonthetotalityofthecircumstancesasunderstoodbythoseversedinthefieldoflawenforcementitiscommonlydescribedassomethingmorethanahunchbutlessthanprobablecause. (test law)Theanswerisyes,OfficerSmithdidhavereasonablesuspiciontomaketheinitialstopofthevehicle. Because thetaillightappearedtobebrokenwhichisatrafficlawviolation.AlsoofficerSmithrememberedavehiclethatmatchedthegeneraldescriptionofthecarthathestopped. Thiscarfitthedescriptionofthevehiclethatwassuspectedinarecentroadsidekillingofanotherpoliceofficer. 2. Was the pat-down of the number one wood legal? Anofficermayorderamotoristoutofacartoensuretheofficerssafety. (quiz law)Thepoliceofficermayconductapat-downsearchtoensu retherearenoweapons. quiz law)Thepat-downisaquicksearchofapersonsbeinginordertodetermineifanyweaponsarepresent. Officer Smithspat-downwaslegalbecauseitwasnecessarytoensurehissafety. Insteadofprovidingherlicenseandregistration,thedriverspeedsawaywhichresultedinahighspeedchase. Thisisacircumstancethatwouldcauseareasonablepersontobelievethatentry(orotherrelevantpromptaction)wasnecessarytopreventphysicalharmtotheofficersorotherpersons. (Thelectriclawlibrary,1995-2011)Thissituationdoesfallunderexigentcircumstancebecausethereisimminentdanger,destruction,andthesuspectistryingtoescape. (quiz law) 4. Was the gun in plain peck and legally obtained?Plain-viewdoctrinetherulepermittingapoliceofficerswarrantlessseizureanduseasevidenceofanitemobservedinplainviewfromalawfulpositionorduringalegalsearchwhentheitemisevidenceofacrime. Todetermineiftheplainviewdoctrineapplies,policemustconsideranumberofvalidationsoneisduetoexigentcircumstances,whichOfficerSmithsfindingthegunfallsunder. (quiz law)Plainv iewdidapplytoOfficerSmithfindingthegunintheopenglovecompartmentandislawful.Thegunwasdiscoveredinadvertently,OfficerSmithhadlawfulaccesstotheplacefromwhichtheguncouldbeplainlyseen. Inadvertentdiscoveryalaw-enforcementofficersunexpectedfindingofincriminatingevidenceinplainview. 5. pass on the marijuana baggie be admissible evidence? Whenapersonisunabletogiveconsentduetounconsciousness, theofficercansearchthepurseorwalletofthesuspecttogettheirI. D. ,itscalledimpliedconsent.ThewomangaveOfficer SmithprobablecausetoconductafullsearchwhenshefledfromOfficerSmithwhenhepulledheroverforthetaillight. OfficerSmithwillbeabletousethemarijuanabaggieasevidence. WhilelookingfortheunconsciouswomansI. D. ,OfficerSmithfoundabaggieofmarijuanainherpurse. SincethewomanfledandwreckedthecarOfficerSmithhasprobablecauseandthemarijuanabaggiecanusedasevidence.

Pulmonary Effects Of Smoking Marijuana Dissertation

Pulmonary Effects Of Smoking Marijuana - Dissertation ExampleResearch shows that umteen users of hemp often inhale it as extremely piquant fumes, usually to peak inspiration, and held as long as possible before being exhaled slowly. According to a study by Forrester et al (2012), this form of take has a greater impact on the pulmonary system because it predisposes the lung parenchyma to a greater damage than the smoking of standard tobacco cigarettes. Research concerning the impacts of smoking cannabis has been done in the past and confirmed that the risk of regular smoking of marijuana is similar to those of regular tobacco smoking (Onaivi, 2006). There are many studies on the effects of tobacco on the respiratory system as well as certain diseases have been profiled and linked to tobacco. However, few studies have cerebrate on the effect of marijuana on the pulmonary function.Hii et al (2008) investigated the effects of smoking marijuana upon pulmonary emphysema using a serie s of 10 patients consisting of ages between 32 and 50, two female and eight male. The participants were those who were presented over a period of 12 months in a respiratory unit showing upstart respiratory symptoms and those who admitted being regular consumers of marijuana. The participants also exhibited the following symptoms on presentation including dyspnoea, pneumothorax and any kind of chest infection. In this study, high-resolution CT shows variable sized, irregular emphysematous bullae in the mid and upper zones. However, CT revealed normal CXR in four patients and normal functioning of the lung was normal in five patients. This study shows that marijuana smoking predisposes individual smokers to asymmetrical bullous disease mostly in normal CXR setting and function of the lung. The study also revealed that these pathological changes take place at a younger age up to 2o years earlier compared to tobacco smokers (Hii et al, 2008).

What were the origins of African-American slavery Essay

What were the origins of African-American slavery - Essay ExampleHowever, these were not actually the first slave. This is because slave trade wind had long started before the 16th century i.e. during the Triangular trade or transatlantic trade, which involved the Americans, Europeans and the Africans. In the transatlantic trade, slave traders delivered slaves captured in war from Africa to piece of work in the South America in exchange for sugar and tobacco.After the first batch of slaves in 1641, the colony of Massachusetts made slavery jural and then Virginia followed suit in the year 1660. Slavery intensified in the 17th and 18th century being enforced further in 1787 when U.S composing was drafted to prohibit congress from meddling with slave trade before 1808 (Berlin, 2003).After the American Revolution War 1775-83, Americans began associating enslavement and oppression of Africans to the manner in which they were manhandled by the British. The slaves had no right to vacatio n, wages, owning property and marriage. This led to call for slavery ban, acknowledgement of slaves as three-fifth of a person for taxation purposes and recognition of slave as person held under service. Mostly in 1800s slavery in North America was viewed as oppression amongst many, however, people of South America did not bruise with this opinion. This is because they relied heavily on slave labor and abolition of slavery would amount to loss of much of their wealth (Franklin, 2000).Despite the above progress, South faced scotch crisis in late 18th century as a result continued slavery in contrast to the North America. This was in the European industrial enterprise period and there was high demand for cotton, South America cash crop. Moreover, the invention of the mechanical cotton gin in 1793 required more manpower. Consequently, the southeastern continued slave trade to counter the huge labor demand and to meet their export demands. However, between

Corporate Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Corporate Strategy - Essay Examplesupplies from everywhere 1071 factories in 56 countries Furthermore PVH has its headquarters in Manhattan, but has administrative offices in Milan, Trento and Hong Kong as well as operating distribution facilities at locations across the U.S. (PVH Annual Reports, 2008). In regards to the sourcing operations of the profligate, according to the Corporate Social responsibleness report, PVH has implemented a Global Human Rights and Social Responsibility Program which indicates that the standards for price, quality and logistics are kept on par with the human rights consideration (PVH CSR, 2008). What this agent is that the firm self-identifies a global operator and all stakeholders are equally responsible to the firms code of conduct.Why PVH is a global firm is important because of the implications is has for the firms strategy. According to the 2008 financial reports more than 30% of the income derived before interest and tax comes from internationa l sales which are up from 25% in 2007. It is the facial expression that the retail sales of PVH is are diverse across the companys result line, including Calvin Klein brand which has approximately 56% of its sales in international markets to sea bass where about 1% of sales are in international markets (PVH,2008). Implicit in this is that different product lines have varying success and strategy in different markets.The question of which value chain activities the company performs in house and which are outsourced is evident from the firms financial reports. One specific pattern is the Calvin Klein brand wherein the firm maintains a dedicated in-house marketing, advertising and design division. These divisions are responsible for maintaining and controlling the global marketing strategy of the brand and controlling the product development for most of their product licensees. The reasoning behind this strategy is owing to the fact that the firm wants to exert a certain level of c ontrol over the entire brand to ensure product and

Climate and Storms Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Climate and Storms - Research Paper ExampleA confused public press region is developed in the Atlantic and high pressure region in Peru in a normal year and therefore championship winds flow strongly from the east to west in the pacific and therefore solid waters are carried westward, in el Nio years the low pressure region is replaced by a relatively high pressure region in the pacific and this reduces the strength of trade winds and therefore there is an accumulation of warm water in Peru, in la Nina periods results after the el Nino period whereby there is an accumulation of cold water in the pacific.... ReferencesColumbia (2009) ENSO, retrieved on twenty-ninth November, from http//iri.columbia.edu/climate/ENSO/globalimpact/TC/Atlantic/index.htmlCCD (2009) la Nina report, retrieved on 29th November, from Http//www.ccd.ucar.edu/lanina/report/baethgen.htmlCPC (2009) List of El Nio and la Nina years, retrieved on 29th November, from http//www.cpc.noaa.gov/products/analysis_monito ring/ensostuff/ensoyears.shtmlPhysical geography (2009) nautical circulation differences in El Nio and la Nina years, retrieved on 29th November, from http//www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/7z.htmlWunder Ground (2009) 1997 hurricanes, retrieved on 29th November, from http//www.wunderground.com/hurricane/at1997.aspWunder Ground (2009) 1995 hurricanes, retrieved on 29th November, from

Endangered Species Reseach Paper Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Endangered Species Reseach - Research Paper ExampleHuman processes such as alter of forests, poaching, humankind settlement, building of infrastructure and agricultural expansion have removeed cancel habitats for plants and animals. Destroying natural habitats leads to the extinction of certain species of both plant and animal families (Pimentel, Westra, and Reed). Destroying natural habitats leads to the threat of more plant and animal species to be at risk of further extinction. This paper shall focus its argument on extinction of tigers caused by human processes, which threaten to endanger this species of the animal family. The paper shall discuss the need for human beings to act against extinction crisis facing the world. Human beings are the primary cause of the genuine mass extinction of species facing planet earth. Scientists predict that if current trends are to carry on, half of all species may become extinct in slight than 100 years. Activities such as habitat destruct ion, climate change and pollution are significantly contributing to this mass extinction. Only a few of the globose population are aware of the current mass extinction. This poses a substantial problem to the raising of awareness of mass extinction. Tigers are among the most endangered species in the globe today. at that place were eight subspecies of tigers known in the world of which three have already become extinct. Tigers live in densely cover grasslands. This assists with their camouflage for prey. Three subspecies of tigers have become extinct Bali tiger, Caspian tiger and Javan tiger (Burke 22). The remaining subspecies of tiger continue facing endangerment collectable to actions of human beings. From approximated 10,000 tigers in the world in 1900, tiger population has dropped to an estimated 4000-5000 in the globe. The ever increasing human population and industrial growth lead to arguing for land and food between human beings and tigers. Due to the increasing populati on, human beings become forced to clear land for settlement and in turn destroy the natural habitat for tigers. Due to human encroachment and clearing of natural habitats, tigers become endangered since they become homeless (Burke 23). They get forced to wander into reproving habitats, which are not conducive for their survival. Human beings need to practice natural living. This ensures that habitats for plants and animals do not get destroyed to ensure the continued existence of various species (Thoreau 51). The existence of different species within a habitat promotes biodiversity and promotes natural beauty of the environment. It enhances the natural balance between ecosystems promoting healthier lives between living organisms in the ecosystem. orbicular climate change has contributed to species endangerment and extinction. Climate change has led to destroyed habitats for animal and plant species. Climate change has largely been caused by environmental pollution. Industrial re newing by human beings has largely contributed to environmental pollution. Carbon dioxide released by industries into the air contributes to climate change. Climate change affects weather patterns, and this affects habitat growth (Zebrowski 106). Grasslands and forests are tip habitats for plant and animal species. When the natural habitats for species become destroyed, species become homeless and are at risk of getting killed as human encroachment also proceeds. There is the need for habitat protection and creation of reserves

Importance Of The Studying English Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Importance Of The Studying English - Essay ExampleThis essay will run to explain the value and excellence that I as an individual have achieved in my quest to improve at a language, that is not my own. To begin with, entirely my courses have been in the English language. This has ensured that my command of the language is excellent enough for me to comprehend and grasp the meaning behind what I am studying. This is evident in the various essays I have written in and out of class. The first and second in-class essays required an opinion on conflicts affecting the world and its participation like a shot coupled with the role played by politicians and their personal lives. It is immensely difficult for a student with a sparse knowledge of the English language to pen an essay portraying their opinion. Yet, I was able to do so without any hesitance or problems. The problem, that arises for any foreign student is their means of translating their native lingua into the English language while thinking of an argument to write in the essay. However, I did not feel compelled to think in my native tongue. Instead I chose to write all my drafts in English before perfecting it for the final draft. While this may seem like a small feat to those honed for English writing, it is a great accomplishment for an individual like me. Other examples that prove my fluency in English are the out of class essays that had to be submitted for this course.

Job Description Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Job Description - Essay ExampleFrom this draft, changes in actual wording are done so that the final verbalism of line of reasoning duties and related conditions matches the factors assessed.There should be a correlation between the job rating scale and job descriptions wording in the enter because the inequities could be fostered (Perry, 2008). The safeguards measures against discrepancies are included in the job description work on by the HR manager. In additional, to the overall job classification, wage, salary and grace benefit incentives may be predicted on the info achieved in the job description process. In deriving the job description, it is vital to assess the written document for its adequacy in conveying information about the factors used in job rating and salary considerations. Certain steps in the recruitment process are outlined in developing the description document, and adequate information to help prospective employees to make a preliminary determination.In dev eloping the job description document, the unit managers must convey the significant information about responsibilities and qualifications of the candidates that are used in the selection process. According to Perry (2008), the raising programs are listed, and training outcomes are stated in terms of trainees ability to perform duties. Thus, performance evaluations are also indicated in developing the job description document. Finally, the information to determine eligibility for claims under an employees compensation and similar programs are indicated in the job description document.According to Hernandez and OConnor (2009), jobs in the organizational structure of health care are dynamic in nature due to the chances in size and nature of an organization. Meanwhile, the introduction of the employment of new treatment mechanisms that have influence on duties and requirements of the job requires job description document. The job description document provides enough information for

Logics - Analysis of an Article by Peter Kreeft Essay

Logics - Analysis of an Article by Peter Kreeft - Essay ensampleApart from many obliges, he has written many books such as The Snakebite Letters, The Philosophy of Jesus, The Journey A Spiritual Roadmap for Modern Pilgrims, Prayer The Great intercourse Straight Answers to Tough Questions About Prayer etc. The major idea behind this condition The Apple Argument Against Abortion is to educate citizenry well-nigh the consequences of performing abortion. Peter Kreeft argues against abortion in a philosophic manner throughout this article. He is making in depth analysis of the abortion number with the help of answering certain questions like Who human are, what are the ripes of human, why abortion is wrong etc and topics such as basis of morality, differences between the rights of all people and the rights of some people, bank lines from skepticism etc. He also tries to analyze different cases with respect to abortion by taking different combinations such as The fetus is a pers on, and we know that The fetus is a person, but we dont know that The fetus isnt a person, but we dont know that The fetus isnt a person, and we know that (Kreeft, 2000) Approach This article is mainly analytical in nature. The author tries to avoid the use of any instinctive methods in this article. He has analyzed abortion from various angles. Different dimensions of abortion were beautifully explained in this article. For example, the author took the example of an apple and the understanding of ordinary people about it, to attract the attention of the readers towards the topic. Since the author is a philosopher, a philosophical approach can be visible throughout this article. He explains various dimensions of abortion with the help of comparisons, analogies etc. It is difficult for ordinary people to understand the problems associated with abortion, curiously the moral issues. The author tries to explain all those issues in a simple, but comprehensive manner so that anybody who decide to perform abortion may estimate twice or thrice before doing so, after reading this article. In short, the author succeeded in persuading the readers of this article to argue against abortion. Different kinds of reasoning in the article Inductive, deductive, causal and analogical reasoning techniques were used throughout this article. The following paragraph is an example of an inductive argument present in this article. I have perceive it argued that we do not treat any other species in the traditional way that is, we do not assign equal rights to all mice. Some we refine (those that get into our houses and prove to be pests) others we take good care of and preserve (those that we find useful in laboratory experiments or those we adopt as pets) electrostatic others we simply ignore (mice in the wild). The argument concludes that therefore, it is only sentiment or tradition (the two are often confused, as if nothing rational could be passed down by tradition) that assig ns rights to all members of our own species (Kreeft, 2000). The above argument is an example of inductive reasoning. It is not necessary that the argument needs to be 100% right to make it as an example of inductive reasoning. It should be noted that cultures like Buddhism or Jainism treats any type of cleaning - killing of animal or killing of human - as a sin. But cultures like Islam or Christianity do not treat killing of animals as a sin. In short, the above argument may not be conclusive or correct everywhere, but it helps the author to strengthen his arguments

Discuss three obstacles to your education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Discuss three obstacles to your education - Essay ExampleThe financial obstacle poses as a serious fuss in the wake of my educational basis. I am usually worried due to these issues and I make every effort to make sure these problems progress to solved sooner rather than later. I have decided for my own self that I will work so that my fees could be made cheap but that has put me in a quandary since balancing studies and work at the same age is a Herculean task. However my efforts are sensibly much in line with my aims and objectives and I believe one need to have a very clear conscience in order to will way his goals. Same is my case where I have been devoted towards my studies and my work in a whole-hearted manner.Apart from these, I face problems in the emotional aspect when I am unable to rise up up to the expectations that an educational facility has from its students. The aspect of my family within my studies is significant since I am unable to give them much time and t he discussion of quality time for the family is absent from the whole scenario, which is unfortunate in entirety.There is also an obstacle in the form of balancing my studies with my work which becomes a difficult thing at the end of the day. My academic obstacle becomes a serious concern with the ever-changing curriculum requirements. This obstacle does not seem to come to an end however I have made serious efforts to address the very same on a consistent basis. I am doing my better to overcome them but then again it is always difficult to manage ones expenses, work and study all at the same time. psyche or the other will miss out on the whole agreement that a person is usually tied up within. In my case, this largely focuses on my educational patterns.The financial, emotional and academic obstacles are indeed venomous in nature as far as my educational regimes are concerned. I need to do a lot of catching up in order to become an educated person at the end. I need to give my b est towards studies so that the emotional

The power of Media within Sports Industry Research Paper

The power of Media within Sports Industry - Research Paper casingE genuinely piece of fur is the result of horrific cruelty. Animals trapped for their fur can suffer for hours or days in body-gripping traps, chewing through their possess feet in a desperate attempt to escape. More than four million wild animals ar trapped and killed each year in the United States by commercial and recreational trappers alone.(The Cruelty of Fur Trim) The way humankind beings treat animals is certainly beyond the pale, animals are ruthlessly killed to please the taste buds of certain human beings who consume them on a regular basis, the slaughter that takes place is very painful for the helpless animals, the pain inflicted upon them is very hard to see but very little has been done to counter it. There are organizations fighting for animal rights but those organizations are not as active as they should be. This paper provide throw faint upon the quite a littles of Catharine A. Mackinnon and Eli zabeth Anderson on how animals are being treated both their views will be juxtaposed to bring out the real essence of their single argu workforcets. Each year, in China, millions of dogs and cats are cruelly killed by bludgeoning, hanging and slow strangulation with wire nooses and their fur turned into trim and trinkets. Chinese fur is much deliberately mislabeled so that it will be bought by unsuspecting customers around the globe. (Chinas Gold Medal for Cruelty). Catharine A. Mackinnon has a very feminist view on the exploitation of animals, she compares the state of animals to the state of women, she thinks that women and animals are both exploited and have more similarities than one. She claims that animals are treated like women and women like animals, this again goes to express the sheer exploitation of both women and animals. She goes on to say that women are as badly treated as animals, she is aghast when she makes this comparison and she is right in many another(prenom inal) ways, women are still being exploited in some areas of the world and so are animals. People dominate animals, men dominate women. (Animal Rights, P277) The author sheds light upon how women and animals are being dominated in our society. She throws light upon the inequality that prevails in our society. The author brings out an excellent ideology the suppression of both women and animals is because they are considered lacking(p), women are exploited because they are considered biologically weaker, animals are exploited because they are considered much inferior to the human race, the exploitation is purely based on the ideology of inferior and superior, a superior being starts believing that it is his right to suppress the inferior, the same has been highlighted by the author. The author is labeled to be a feminist because she talks some the male ideology and brings out the similarities in animals and women. Qualities considered human and higher are denied to animals as quali ties considered masculine and higher are denied to women. (Animal Rights, P278) The lesser humanity of women is conceded by men and they call women animal names like chick, bunny, bitch and so on, this again points to the inferior nature of women in the society, animals are lower than humans is also a presumption which with several human beings live with. The author also talks about the ridiculous ways in which both women and animals are exploited, rats are project in the vagina of women and it is thought that the rat would suffer

International student in united state of America Essay

International student in united state of America - Essay ExampleThey go to the United States because of the wide reputation universities in the United States have for teaching students. These students be often reading in technical fields such as computer science, engineering science and biomedical studies that are non available to them in their home countries. Most international students are working to earn an undergraduate degree, but some are working on graduate and post-graduate degrees as well. One thing that the United States is famous for is the many different cultures that all coexist rather peacefully in one nation. This is attractive to students that are coming from countries where ethnic hatred or even open warfare is a reality. It is also very attractive to study in the United States if you are coming from a country where basic human rights and freedoms such as speech, religion and ownership of property are not guaranteed. Great school and a welcoming culture make st udying in the United States the first choice for many international students. But this does not mean that there are not problems for international students that choose to study in the United States. I have a very close whizz from China that ran into some real problems while studying at a university in the United States. He was very clear in stating that he did not hold the Americans responsible for his bad experiences. He realized after a while that an American studying in Beijing would probably have many of the same challenges, only they would be reversed. Communication between cultures is very difficult and this fact led to many of the misunderstandings and problems he encountered. The first problem centered on the use of the English language. My friend studied English all through school and felt that he was quite proficient in his use of the language. I remember he was very excited when he scored well on his TOEFEL test. He said that he felt that this was a real indication that he was ready to use the English language every day and do well. He soon learned that hew was wrong for several priming coats. One reason language caused him to have a difficult time was the fact that going to a shop or a supermarket became a very stressful experience. In the town where he was living, many of the people at the check-out were very impatient. If he asked them to repeat something they said, even only once, they seemed to be agitated. One very rude soul actually said, Why dont you come back when you can speak English right? He wanted to speak with a coach-and-four to lodge a complaint about this very rude employee, but he was afraid he would not be able to communicate clear with the manager. He was humiliated so he just handed some money over to the person and walked out of the store. He didnt even pinch to take his change. He heard the other workers laughing as he walked away. This was his worst experience because of his English language skills and it happened on o ne of his first days in the United States. My friend soon found a shop where the workers were more patient and polite, so this situation was soon solved. What he was not active for was the type of academic language that he had to deal with at the university. Classes were much harder than he expected because he was not able to process the language pronto enough to pay attention to what was being taught. He found himself falling more and more behind. He didnt want to ask the professors for help, but at last got so desperate that he went to each of his teachers on the same day to beg for help. He

Final Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Final Paper - Essay Example(Restatement of the Law Second, of Contracts Section 153)Gener solelyy a unilateral mistake result not give jump off to bases for rescission of a contract. However, there are three specific circumstances in which the contract will not be enforced/rescinded on the ground of unilateral mistake. To start with the good faith requirement in the law of contract requires that parties to a contract do not take below the belt advantage of the other party. To this end the courts will not enforce a contract in which there is a unilateral mistake if enforcement would be unconscionable. In circumstances where one party is aware of the mistake made by the other party and also aware that the mistaken party would not inclose into the contract had he been aware of the mistake the enforcement of such a contract would be unfair and unconscionable. (Angelo, 11) At the heart of the matter is the general requirement that all contracts are required to be made and executed un der principles of fair dealing.In keeping with this element of fair dealing a second ground permitting the rescission of a contract on the grounds of unilateral mistake is when there is evidence that the mistake is clerical or mathematical in nature. (M.F. Kemper Constr. Co. V. city of Los Angeles 37 Cal. 2d 696) What is required is the absence of purposive intent. (M.F. Kemper Constr. Co. V. City of Los Angeles 37 Cal. 2d 696) It is generally assumed that the parties to a contract enter into it for some eudaemonia and should the clerical or mathematical mistake be such that it undermines a benefit to one party it can be rescinded. (M.F. Kemper Constr. Co. V. City of Los Angeles 37 Cal. 2d 696) However, an error in judgment will not justify rescission of a contract. (M.F. Kemper Constr. Co. V. City of Los Angeles 37 Cal. 2d 696)A third ground upon which the courts will rescind a contract on the grounds of

The Importance of Entrepreneurship and Enterprise in the UK Essay - 1

The Importance of Entrepreneurship and Enterprise in the UK - Essay Exampleameters which tend to change continuously, however when all appropriate preparation has been made, entrepreneurship can mince to a significant development of the commercial message market involved. However, in hallow to ensure the success of their efforts, entrepreneurs should try to follow strictly the principles of the commercial market avoiding adventure in cases that there are no limits for the achievement of a particular plan. The existence of alternative plan of action has to be considered as necessary in order for the entrepreneurship to survive on a long term basis.Entrepreneurship should be considered as a fundamental activity that helps the market to be developed. However, in order for this activity to lead to positive outcomes it is necessary that the participants (entrepreneurs) follow a specific plan of action which has to be characterized by the thorough analysis of the market, the appropriat e introduction of strategic plan and the rapid reaction to the opportunities appeared. Of course in any case the existence of risk creates a series of uncertainties for any potential entrepreneurship. but if all appropriate steps of action are followed they are little chances for the entrepreneurship to end up to a failure. This paper examines the characteristics of entrepreneurship as a unique commercial activity and tries to identify all the appropriate qualities of a good entrepreneur as they can be observed both in the field of system but also in practice. For this reason, the relevant literature review has been followed with a few examples of successful entrepreneurs in UK as they have been evaluated and awarded in a relevant awarding scheme involving entrepreneurial activities in UK.Entrepreneurship has been defined through a variety of terms in order to respond to the needs of the market as they have been observed by theorists throughout years. At a first level, Thornton ( 1999, 19) refers to entrepreneurship as the creation of new organizations which occurs as a

Answers Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Answers - Coursework ExamplePartnership with some(prenominal) big brands and acquiring several potential outlets. potent business expansion strategy. Effective employee strength. Significant reputation among the target customers. Weaknesses Major of the outlets are located only in UK, therefore, they are failing to capitalize on the potential global opportunities. Due to this, they are lacking to achieve the advantages of economies of scale. Only provide Italian style foods and major of the brand names are non known to people. Inadequate food sector than other existing competitors. Lack of c take caree process adoption. Limited presence in global market place. Depending on one supplier. Opportunities Product diversification strategy and implementation of internet cafe in business process. Further 450-500 store expansion in both planetary and domestic market within 2015. Future international business expansion plan due to the economic development of several countries. Change of s ocial trends to hang around in a deep brown tree bar for several purposes. Threats Huge competitive market place due to the presence of potential organizations, such(prenominal) as Costa, Starbucks, Subway, Greggs and Bakers Oven. Fluctuating currency exchange rate in global market. Economic downturn and low disposable income of middle class people and political instability. blue bargaining power of suppliers and high price of coffee can affect the business output. If people change their trends in near future, such as from coffee consumption to tea, then it will affect the overall industry. Answer 2 UK coffee and organize market is significantly growing due to the presence of several leading branded coffee and sandwich chains. Caffe Nero Group Ltd. is one of the popular coffee chains in UK. The organization is popular for its high quality coffee and effective fresh food items. The organization has followed Italian style in its product differentiation strategy. However, in terms of segmentation strategy, the organization has implemented demographic and Geographic segmentation. In terms of Geographic segmentation, the organization has majorly focused on the people of UK. It is the social trend of UK people to consume coffee products, such as cold coffee, regular coffee from the coffee chains. Moreover, the organization has, established their stores in major cities in UK in order to achieve potential target customer base. However, the organization has understood the geographical potentiality of places and established the stores according to the trends. In terms of demographic segmentation, the organization has classified its target customers in three groups, such as income, age and gender. It is evident that, women are the maximum users of coffee shop comparing to the male users. Therefore, the organization has targeted the ladies to achieve growth. The target customers are aged mingled with 35 and 55. Busy office goers are the major target customers Caffe N ero. Finally, the organization has targeted people of high income group as they are the potential customers of coffee and sandwich shops. Answer 3 This part will propose a marketing mix strategy to Caffe Nero for further improvement. Marketing mix strategy consists of product, price, place and promotional marketing strategy. Product The major product of the organization is coffee. Due to this, everybody knows that, Caffe Nero is a coffee house and serves fresh foods, pasta, sandwiches and parties. In UK the organization

Assess the Significance of Henry Viii as a Renaissance Monarch Essay Example for Free

Assess the Significance of enthalpy Viii as a Renaissance Monarch Essay atomic number 1 Viii was crowned in the early 16th century, during the conversion period. The renaissance period reflects back on the 15th century Florence, Italy where the rise of religious philosophy, patriotism and interest in the arts, humanities and computer architecture was dominated in pop culture. enthalpy Viii reflected these aspects as a renaissance monarch. However his significance to the humanity today was his influence in the birth of the Church of England. In 1534 Henry Viii released the atomic bomb he had been brandishing for several years at the pope as said by Imperato. This atomic bomb is in reference to the Henretian Act of Supremacy, a milestone of how Henry viii is conjugated as a Renaissance Monarch when looking at religious Philosophy. The Act of Supremacy was the act which officially turned the church building in England to the Church of England (as stated by Morrill). Henry was name d supreme head of the church, and England became a protestant nation. However religious philosophy wasnt properly explored until later when the Tyndale Bible was handed to the king.Tyndale had translated to give-and-take from Latin to English, which was a distinct maxim of Martin Luther, the reformer. Henry sentenced Tyndall to be executed for heresy. It was later that Thomas Cranmer Henrys self-appointed archbishop of Canterbury said that the bible should be indite in English and that all church services should be celebrated in English also. So when the Matthew Bible which was another English written bible arose it was quickly adoptive by the Church of England. , this was Henrys first action in realising religious philosophy.Jones states, at first the church didnt change, by all and name it was still Catholic. Jones continues, Tyndall was sentenced to death for heresy although it wasnt until Cranmer said that English bibles were acceptable that another English version, the Matth ew bible was adopted. Morrill argues that, it was Anne Boleyn who convinced Henry to kick English bibles to be used. She used her influence over him to legalise such bibles. However in contrast Imperato states that it was a commingle of the deuce members seeking conference about Martin Luthers 95 thesis and its benefits on England.It is acknowledged that Henry VIII didnt really want the church to reform as much as members of his approach did at the time. Where religious philosophy is a key fundament to a Renaissance monarch so is the rise of a virtuoso of Nationalism. Henry VIII explored the rise of nationalism in the form of the Act of Absolute Restraint of Appeals. This act was used to allow Henrys marriage to Catherine of Aragon to be annulled, as it was a National issue not a papal issue and therefore should be dealt with at a national level.The act absolutely annihilated any other courts jurisdiction or influence in an English court case. And so, England seceded from capita l of Italys big businessman, becoming its own Nation with its own secure jurisdictional court. Hence Henrys renaissance monarchy rose with a sense of individual Nationalism. The rise of Nationalism was also explored In The Field Of Cloth Of Gold (1520), which was a very expensive meeting between Francis Is court of France and Henrys English court in the area of Calais, Englands only occupied area on the mainland of Europe.The field was supposed to be an exciting set of fun rivals to initiate an confederation between England and France. Among the land lay tents decorated with Cloth of Gold, which was a cloth of silk and cloth, but most significantly it was expensive as both monarchs were trying to best the other and very soon the meeting turned into a grandeur match between the two monarchs. The meeting did not result in an alliance world agreed to. However when Henry returned to England, he signed to an alliance with the Holy Roman emperor moth Charles V who, two weeks later ope ned war with France.The alliance between England and Spain was in itself a rise of nationalism as a military alliance was established in 1520 to strengthen the impact of England in the Renaissance world. Anderson states, The act in restraint of appeals really plugged the already fuming relationship between Rome and England (1534) Davis agrees by stating, Englands secession from Rome really was the beginning of a new nation, with its own jurisdictional powers only appeared to itself. From this it can be said that Henry used to Act to raise England into becoming a nation with its nationalist maxims and powers.On the matter of the Field of Cloth of Gold Shelly states, Henrys undertake at an alliance with France was abruptly called to an end when the Field gave no results to what Henry was trying to achieve. Johnson continues Henry VIIIs attempts may have failed with France, but Charles V was more than ready to open an alliance with England. The rise of nationalism is conjugated here b y the fact that Henry extended his kingdoms power by linking with the Holy Roman Emperor in 1520. Another important fundamental component to a renaissance onarch is an interest in art and architecture which Henry upheld, an example of this is the Field of Cloth of Gold itself. The Field of Cloth of Gold was named after the grand tents made of such fabric which were flamboyant, expensive but most importantly was an expression of interest in modern (renaissance) art. The tents were made with jewels and gold thread to give it a more grandiose appearance. As antecedently stated, the Field was intended to be the birthplace of an alliance between France and England, however such never occurred.The Field was where dignitaries from the English and French courts operated for 3 weeks. The entire part was one where apiece monarch would take his turn at beating the other on things that ranged from jousts to poetry and everything in between even the clothing that each king wore was a contest, each day both of them would be wearing clothes that out-did the clothes they wore the day before by tenfold. So instead of being a fun occasion where a real friendship between Francis I and Henry VIII it was simply a back and forth competition to show how rich and powerful each king was.The humanities and arts were explored in the Field by both monarch plays were showed daily, poetry was recited publically, chess was contend and songs were written. Henry even payed an esteemed composer and orchestra to play during the kings dinner feast, inside Henrys temporary palace, made of wooden beams with painted analyse that gave the full illusion of a brick interior and exterior. Jones states, The Field (oCoG) was simply a besting competition of who was the better renaissance monarch, judged on what they presented in the artistic region of renaissance maxims.From this it can be concluded that the Field of Cloth of Gold was just an expression of each kings grandeur and how integrated their courts were with the renaissance and how soused they were. In conclusion, Henry VIII can be seen as a significant renaissance monarch by the expression of the rise of religious philosophical reforms shown in the Church of Englands creation. Alongside the rise of nationalism and the development of the of the Arts and Humanitarian concepts. All of which were fundamental components of the renaissance. However the main significance of Henry VIII today was his influence in the rise of the Anglican Church.

Historical accounts Essay Example for Free

Historical accounts EssayHistorical accounts that support the role of globalisation in pauperization reduction are find especially during peace time and pro-globalization among countries. on that point is at least eighty percent of the world population that lived at an inflation-adjusted $1 per day at the intrusion of wartime in the early nineteenth century (Srinivasan and Wallack 2003). Half century by half century, this level is consistently lowered with drastic improvement in post-war period.However, up to this day, debates continued at the gates of international organizations such as WTO, WB, IMF, etc. Most of the protagonists are still in doubt not on how globalization contributed to economic egression but more importantly how it impacted the vile. These debates are inconsistent with historical accounts that proved globalization as solution to poverty. The impact of globalization on poverty is a matter of time to select way for trickle effects, institutional adjustm ents and change of perception on traditional beliefs.And so, in the want run, there are fewer questions about the benefits that poor may have from globalization. In this view, protagonists are highly trouble on the distance between the deliveries of poverty effects of globalization to the grass root people which are normally the poor with economic growth serving as intermediary. They are primarily concern on how unequal the amount that is delivered and how unfair the delay of those amount. Thus, economic growth is criticized to prioritize the public assistance of the well-off sector rather than the welfare of the poor.The preceding rumor is especially received when the risks of well-off people are compared with the risks of the poor. The condition have ease in searching for employment, has enough liquidity for the delay in the welfare delivery and thus in the position to be doubly happy. On the other hand, the latter is in reverse built in bed aggravated by subsistence exis ting and exposure to physical hazards and capitalist exploitation making them in absolute despair by lengthy wait for delivery of minimal welfare. A well-grounded example is the inequitable income distribution.As industries expand business repayable to increasing inflow of direct and portfolio capital from abroad, well-off people are prioritized to jobs that are created due to formal education. If they are terminated or walk out of the office in their voluntary preference, they are still on-demand from expanding businesses. In contrast, the poor with little intimacy of how the sector works and little options would feel inferior and thus is willing to take whatever salary, conditions of work and other dictates of their employer. Both their mobility and freedom are taken away.There are several empirical studies that suggest globalization is pro-poor. Besley and bourgeois (2003) found that there is a negative relationship between the poverty and income per capita. In monitoring GD P growth and poverty on a twenty-year frame from 1980 to 2000, Deaton (2001) concluded that economic growth is responsible to poverty reduction in India. China, which is referred to as an economic giant awaken by foreign direct investments, is quoted by Park and Wang (2001) to have drastically eradicated rural poverty since 1998.To evidence that the role of globalization is not only limited to income aspect, poor nations in Africa showed high levels of lowered poverty during the 1990s elevated by consequently addressing issues of mortality, education and AIDS epidemic. harmonise to Besley and Burgess (2003), economic growth is only possible when three resources are present namely, physical capital, human capital and technological change. This is illustrated in many ways. As the poor gain equal knowledge as the well-off, the former salary will increase and thus get both of them in equal undercoat in terms of income.As newer technologies primarily in agriculture increase the yield o f the poor, their incomes as well as capitalist tendencies will simultaneously benefit. There is even a surplus harvest to attend their nutritional demands and less risk that a natural calamity will make this positive billet short-lived. As road infrastructure takes over the rural and farm areas, access to larger markets and faster economic activity will further improve the situation of the poor.These three sources of economic growth can be done minimally by the national and local government due to the vicious cycle of being a poor nation. With globalization, deficient funding will not be a hindrance to provide sources of economic growth due to inflow of capital. pass judgment the argument that economic growth is indeed a good middleman to improve the welfare of the poor from globalization, the global community must have an mean(a) annual economic growth of 3.8% by 2015 with lowest demand growth from Eastern Europe and Central Asia and highest demand growth from Sub-Saharan Afri ca (Besley and Burgess 2003). Eminent in the work of Srinivasan and Wallack (2003) is that globalization must be coupled with redistribution such as price support and public services to the poor. On the other hand, Besley and Burgess (2003) specifically defined their preference on the term redistribution by income distribution. They argued that the volatility of income distribution among developing countries is very minimal.Thus, the impact of globalization on the poor sector is loomed by increasing the average income of the population. In the study of Dollar and Kraay (2001), it is found that globalizing large economies of the developing world are characterized by large turf out in trade and large fall in tariff barriers starting in 1980s. Economic growth compared to 1970s is higher for the following decade through 1990s. However, even with this figures, non-globalizing developing countries that are small did not gain the same success of their large economy counterparts.On the po sitive side, the welfare of the poor in respect to level of income is argued to have regression relevance with the level of trade. This study supported the role of globalization to poverty reduction and the effectiveness of economic growth to deliver the necessary benefits to industries, sectors and public at large. Still, the minority of small countries that may not have the sufficient market as well as institutional backbone to exploit large foreign capital inflows are hoping for the miracles of globalization. ConclusionWould I support Globalization in terms of growth? The answer is coitus and as much as we would like to place straightforward answer we cannot. It is hard to generalize the behavior of developed countries towards transition economies. The overlapping issue is that the former is offering the latter with the chance to achieve the former economic status without going through historical hardships which can include war. This is an offer that is hard to give away especia lly that most governments of transition economies are administered by older people.In addition, inability to integrate relations to world affairs at least partially would make the transitional country weak against global shocks, external feud and addressing of intrinsic objectives. To this view, globalization is for growth since it encourages transitional economies to join the globalization tramp to improve national economy. On the flip side, it is rational for the leaders of transitional economies to make a well-prepared and if not rigid bilateral and multilateral agreements with trading partners. This is true especially when its internal resources are vulnerable to adverse spill-over effects of globalization.It is a conservative but helpful to view these treaties as anti-growth particularly on prize of life, history and well-being of the nations identity. Internal resources do not only include people, places and things but also intangible resources like ideologies and memories. Globalization serves as intervening if not modifying mechanisms to status quo of these components. As a result, to be able to protect the non-economic growth of several national treasures and resources, seeing globalization as anti-growth to internal well-being is valid.ReferencesBesley, Timothy J, Burgess, Robin (2003). Halving global poverty. Journal of economic perspectives, 17(3), 3-22. David Dollar, Aart Kraay (2004) Trade, Growth, and Poverty* The Economic Journal 114 (493), F22F49 Deaton, Angus. (2001a), Counting the Worlds Poors Problems and possible Solutions, World Bank Research Observer, 16(2), 125-47. Park, A. and S. Wang (2001), Chinas Poverty Statistics, China Economic Review, 23, 384-95. Srinivasan, T. N.? Wallack, J. S. ,Globalization,Growthandthe Poor,in De Economist, 152 (2), 2004, p. 251

Coney Island and Victorian Culture Essay Example for Free

dassie Island and Victorian Culture EssayConey Island at the turn of the century was a bustling and growing place. large number of all classes traveled from New York City as well as other instigates of the world to take part in the famous diversions that helped to loosen the tight corsets of Victorian education. Inspired by the Columbian Exposition in 1893 George Tilyou began to build a green on Coney Island beginning with the Ferris cycle per second similar to that featured at the exposition which was designed by the Pennsylvania Steel Company. By 1895 Tilyou opened Steeplechase Park and began to fill it with acts and grimace shows thus inspired by his travels a few days prior.While concentrating on the appeal to all walks of life Tilyou acquired A Ride to The Moon from Fredric Thompson and Elmer Dundy who construct the gull specifically for the Pan-American Exposition in Buffalo, New York. A short season later in 1902 Thompson and Dundy left Steeplechase to create Lu na Park taking the amusement with them. Playing off the most popular sport on Coney Island, Tilyou obtained a mechanical horse race that took riders on a thirty turn ride around a track complete with hills and sharp turns.Other attractions added to the park included the Human Roulette Wheel which threw riders in all directions and earthquake Stairs which jostled climbers and challenged them to descend a shaking stair case. These attractions as well as the wild side shows caused people to throw off all conventionality and made them rub elbows with other classes while having unrestricted fun. While Steeplechase drew visitors to the peninsula it also increased in the popularity of swimming or bathing as it was referred to in Victorian speak.People on a hot New York day adventured to Steeple Chase and the beach by various means of transportation. Donning the latest in bathing fashions people enjoyed more unrestricted fun regardless of any class system in the water. Although Victorian s wagered down their noses at the amusements and public bathing, people tacit flocked to the beaches and splashed in the chilly waters of the Atlantic Ocean. Ruckus rides and the ability to socialize appealed to the younger generations looking to toss off the oppressive garbs of Victorian gentility and just have plain unrestrictive fun.In 1907 tragedy struck Steeplechase as fire ravaged the park leaving a smoking ruin. In the efforts to unruffled turn a dollar Tilyou charged admission to the ruins of the once great park. During the rebuilding, Luna Park benefited from the loss and treated guests to a modern park with rides to guardianship everyone. The old-fashionedness of Steeplechase was challenged as Luna Park, the most modern of its beat dazzled park goers with electric lights and tall white towers bathed in bright bulbs.This enabled the park to break away at night. But still people remained loyal to the original amusement park they knew so well even though strengthened a new from smoldering ruins. George Tilyou unhappily passed away in 1914 after seeing his park through another fire in 1911 which claimed dreamland. Luckily enough the winds shifted and spared his park from a second disaster. By 1914 the amusement park began to fall come come to the fore of the coterminoust of favor. The once well loved and most visited park suffered a loss in the visitors during the hot New York summers.Steeplechase keep to operate and help people socialize and essentially come out of the tight bonds of gentility by offering a carefree time with out restrictions. Then on New Years Eve 1964 the last light was turned off for the final time at the ill damned old fashioned park. Luna Park on the other hand was not as popular as the original park but provided new wonders for those unique and daring enough to seek it out. Created after the Beaux-Arts movement of the time Thompson an erratic architect began to design the park as a world where someone could be lost i n fantasy.By opening day on May 16th 1903 Luna Park opened its doors to the wonderment of many another(prenominal) people seeking out entertainment and new amusements to help them shed the conventionality of the structured Victorian world. Here we can clearly see where still Steeplechase was cherished like a child hugs a ragged teddy bear but the new adventure which was named Luna was embraced for its latest technologies that Steeplechase clearly was lacking. With over 1 million lights, long remoteness telephone service, telegraph and radio services Luna Park became a city with in a city.With Thompson and Dundys success in creating illusion rides for the park guests they still relied on others as well. When they left the employment of Tilyou after the 1902 season they brought their famed Ride to the Moon amusement with them. Counting on its fame from Steeplechase park and the illustrious preceding(a) of being featured at the Pan-American Exposition in 1901 the creators hoped it would bring the crowds in. With more and more people seeking a day at the park and on the beach both parks helped make Coney Island known world wide and soon became a top tourist destination.At a time when high society still held restrictions of how men and women should act in public in high regards, more and more people used these parks as a way to shed the restrictions of society and seek titillating amusements and fill curiosities each other had that Victorian nicety had suppressed over the years with rules and barriers against those who dared to go against the prim and proper societies. Technology in these times were changing and what better place to display these but at amusement parks and expositions.Younger Victorians embraced these changes and viewed them as a move toward the future. We can clearly see where walls were broken down between classes while all walks of life frolicked on the beaches of Coney Island, screaminged on the similar rides, and traveled faster than the y ever had in their lives. Luna Park and Steeplechase side by side were wonderful examples of old an new. While people still embraced the old homophile(a) onlookers sought out attractions that displayed futuristic gadgets.By the creation of the final park Dreamland in 1904 tourism and the shedding of Victorian genteel ways were in full swing. Dreamland brought more pleasure seekers to the peninsula and more bathers to the sea shore. The park was built by William Reynolds who is best known for his crooked dealings with Tammany Hall. Dreamland became the park to rival the other 2 on the peninsula. It is said that the park would be anything unlike the modern world has seen. The main tower of Dreamland had a beacon fire that shined out to sea and confused many ships coming into port.The amusement park sparkled as guests promenaded through the many attractions and thrill rides. With Dreamland promising amusement in a more dignified way the creators tried to offer Culture to those who v isited the park. Providing a grand ballroom and upscale restaurants from around the world Dreamland attempt to cater to the upper class leaving lower classes to attend the older less dignified parks. The developers still provided rides and attractions that rivaled the other parks and even stole ideas from them as well.Americans were fascinated by disasters. Fighting the Flames was a good example of this as New Yorkers were most familiar with tenements catching fire and many people dying. People could identify with this ride. As tenement style buildings covered in asbestos were set ablaze, firefighters came to the rescue of the tenants who jumped to their safety in huge nets below. With rides like Shoot the Chutes guests at Dreamland were still treated to rides that caused them to throw off all conventionalities. Dreamland with its intentions to preserve all that is roper and dignified still provided outrageous outlets that caused people to smile and scream like they never had befor e. Sideshows still prevailed like Bostocks Circus and Captain Bonavitas Lion Show. They treated guests to clowns, wild animals, and daring stunts which caused people to gasp and look on in awe. Dreamland gave people a look at the world in their own backyard. Rides like Touring the Alps which provided riders with a simulated ride through the Alps complete with blasts of cold air to the Japanese Tea Room which gave people a look at cultures foreign to their own.The achievements of creating an atmosphere of wonderment and awe like that of the previous expositions held in Chicago and Buffalo, Reynolds achieved ultimate success in helping people question their hum drum ways and rules that jump out them tightly. On May 27 1911 the wonderment that was known as Dreamland came to an end when it burned to the ground. Complaints by the fire departments that fought the flames were low water pressure. It was said that Reynolds built the park so fast that he built over fire hydrants.The mistakes and rush to greed cost him his park only seven short years later. The fire although sparing because of the winds did not leave Thompsons railway alone. Sadly but fortunately that was one of a few external victims of the fire caused by greed. Fred Thompson found General Manager Samuel Gumpertz staring blankly at the ruins. Reynolds decided not to rebuild the park and Gumpertz opened a freak show in a large tent. This was the beginning of the end of Coney Island, the most famous playground of the early 20th century.Luna Park and Steeplechase continued to operate through many changes of attractions. The 1920s ushered in rides like The Wonder Wheel and The Cyclone. It is joked immigrants who came to this country saw The Wonder Wheel first before seeing the Statue of Liberty. Still The Wonder Wheel is a wonderful example of freedom through good times and laughter and the shedding of old ways to a new life. By the close of the season of 1946 Luna Park could no longer afford to keep its g ates open to the dwindling visitors.That which was new and exciting became old and worn out. Steeplechase continued to operate and pride itself of being risen from the ashes still provided visitors with aging and familiar rides. By the opening of Astro Park in 1962 this began to spell the end of the turn of the century amusements. At the stroke of midnight New Years Eve 1964 the last light was turned out on the oldest amusement park of the time leaving behind a legacy of fun and a little known waltz written for the opening of Dreamland entitled Meet Me Tonight in Dreamland.By looking at the amusement parks of the early 20th century we can clearly see where proper Victorians were given the opportunity to shed the constrictions of a culture that forced them into a protected part of society. Here creators of parks provided a person all types of amusements and bathing which for proper Victorians swimming with people of the face-to-face sex was just scandalous. Many of the older generat ions still held fast to their convictions of manners and proper ways. In many ways Coney Island was a petrie dish for societies and cultures.Could they sincerely yours leave behind the tight corsets and stiff collars to have fun with all folks of all classes with out concern for class stratification due to wealth, designer or even dress? The writer of this believes yes. This was a place where society began to leave behind their constrictions and just have plain fun. Therefore unmaking Victorian culture as it was known.

Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Ultrasound Screening Programme

abdominal muscle muscle aortic Aneurysm Ultrasound binding ProgrammeSusmi SureshRole of the guinea pig Abdominal aortic Aneurysm Ultrasound Screening Programme in Improving Health Outcomes a taxonomical reviewAbstract Background Abdominal aortic Aneurysm (abdominal aortic aneurysm) is one of the common conditions that affect custody recovered 65 and older. Described as a ticking bomb(1), rupture of such an aneurysm results in fatal bleeding and shoemakers last. Early catching allows appropriate treatment to be given to patients as an effort to reduce death rate rates. The National Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Screening programme, an initiative of Public Health England, offers cover song to men in the prevalence conference by pastime its objective of reducing death rate rates of preventable illnesses(2). Ultrasonography is the chosen imaging modality referable to its high sensitivity and specificity(3). The aim of this study is to examine current literature on abdominal aortic aneurysm and to understand whether screening programmes are effective enough to reduce fatality rate rate rates of abdominal aortic aneurysm. Quality of life (QoL) as a health terminus pull up stakes also be examined and evidence analysed, to see whether screening programmes affect patients character reference of life.Method A thorough search of prominent databases was carried out and the search-results underwent cover of inclusion and exclusion criteria developed for this review. Four major randomised controlled streaks were identified. Following data extraction, tincture assessment was carried out using the CASP tool. Risk of bias was study using the Cochranes tool for assessing riskiness of bias. All of these ensured a valid conclusion to be drawn. Results The intravenous feeding chosen RCTs were the dope runnel, the Chichester trial, the Viborg trial and the WA trial. The corporation and Chichester trials were conducted in the UK whereas the Viborg and WA t rials were carried out in Denmark and Australia, respectively. The data pool of 125595 people added to the reliability of the findings of this review. A significant decrement in mortality rates of abdominal aortic aneurysm was set up in the discourse groups following an ultrasound screening of the abdominal aorta(4-7). QoL was looked at as the secondary outcome in the MASS trial which concluded that thither was no adverse effect on QoL(4). Conclusion The review showed evidence on minify AAA mortality rates in men aged 65 and older following ultrasound screening. No adverse effect in patients QoL was strand. The NAAASP is a commendable initiative of Public Health England and it is suggested that similar screening programmes be introduced through an evidence-based healthcare.Introduction An aneurysm forms when a section of a weakened arterial wall dilates permanently. The walls of an artery can weaken and dilate imputable to cardiovascular disorders handle arteriosclerosis, in flammation of the arterial wall or trauma. When this dilation occurs in the abdominal aorta, which runs from T12 to L5, it is considered to be an Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm (AAA)(8). Several studies arrive found smoking, hypertension and alcohol consumption to be the major risk factors of AAA(9). A family history of AAA is also considered to be a risk factor(10).AAA is age and sex-dependent as concluded by a retrospective prevalence study that looked at a cohort of 100,000 men and women each. The prevalence among men was found to increase rapidly after the age of 55 and that among women increases after the age of 70(11). Therefore, women are considered to be at low risk of developing AAA and indeed screening programmes focus on a male population of 65 course of instructions or older(12).Patients are mostly asymptomatic and where symptoms do present, these could be abdominal pain, flank pain, back pain, groin pain, or syncope. A palpable pulsating abdominal mass could also be found during examination. An aneurysm once formed, grows in size of it until it bursts, leading to fatal bleeding. Only 2 in 10 people with a ruptured aneurysm survive if not treated with emergency AAA pertain mental process(13). The survival rate among those who receive surgery is 94%(14).AAAs are detected using an ultrasound discern (US), which is considered to be the most effective screening modality with high sensitivity (98%) and specificity (99%) rates(15). The US is safe, cheap, quick, and non-invasive, and provides results immediately. It is widely original as a valid screening method and the aorta can be visualised in 99% of patients(15). Compared to CT scans which can sometimes overestimate the diameter of aneurysms in the oblique plane(15), ultrasound continues to be the choice of screening modality.In 2014, around 2000 men died from ruptured AAA, story for around 1% of all registered deaths in men aged 65 and over(16). Past records show a reduction in mortality in Engla nd from 7.5% in 2009 to 1.6% in 2012(17). This sheds light on the National AAA Screening Programme (NAAASP) offered by the NHS. Early detection via screening of a large aneurysm of supra 5.5cm, means that patients are given the choice of repair surgery thereby increasing their survival rate by 69%(8, 18). Surveillance is offered to patients with a scurvy or medium aneurysm of 3-4.4cm and 4.5-5.4cm, respectively(19, 20). This is through an ultrasound scan every twelve or three months for small and medium aneurysms, respectively.Screening aims to reduce the risk of developing a disease in a healthy population who have no signs of illness with respect to the condition being screened. The NAAASP is based on the policies recommended by the UK National Screening Committee in 2005 following the results of the largest randomised controlled trial about AAA, the Multicentre Aneurysm Screening Study (MASS), which showed that screening reduces mortality by 40% after 10 years(21). Implemented i n 2009, the programme achieved a nationwide coverage by the end of 2013.The programme aims to reduce AAA mortality by providing a systematic population-based screening programme for the male population during their 65th year and on request, for men over 65(22). This falls under estate 2 and 4 of the Public Health Outcomes Framework provided by the Department of Health, with the objectives to help people to live healthy lifestyles and, to reduce the number of people financial backing with preventable ill health and people dying prematurely(22), respectively.NAAASP Annual information 2014/15 shows that a total of 280,520 men were screened and 83.2% had a conclusive screen(23). During the screening year 2013/14, this was 82% out of a total of 287,126 men(24). Depending on the size of the aneurysm, either surveillance or surgery was offered.Overall, the programme aims to achieve the health outcome of reduced mortality. Quality of life is also reported as a health outcome as shown by several retrospective, observational and cohort studies conducted on patients(25-27). experience on the success of screening programmes like NAAASP remains limited. The aim of this review, therefore, is to examine current evidence on whether a screening programme im testifys health outcomes, videlicet reduced mortality and improved prime(a) of life, by critically and systematically reviewing literature using the whole step assessment tools of the critical appraisal skills programme (CASP).This will be achieved through the following objectivesDevelop inclusion and exclusion criteria based on PICOS relating to AAA and ultrasound scanning ask out a systematic search of databases- Medline, Web of Science, the Cochrane Database, One research and the ISRCTN Registry (BioMed Central).Filter the search using the inclusion and exclusion criteria and carry out data-extraction using the Cochrane Data Collection formCarry out quality assessment using the CASP tool and use the Cochrane tool t o assess risk of biasConduct an analysis, focusing on mortality and quality of life as the health outcomesMethods Although evidence exists on the accuracy of using ultrasonography for detecting abdominal aortic aneurysms(3) and the validity of the scan results is widely accepted due(p) to its high sensitivity and specificity(3), the process of abdominal aortic scanning was decided to be reviewed first(Appendix A).Prior to conducting the search, inclusion and exclusion criteria were set (Table 1)(28). Following this, databases were chosen for the search-topic Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm. These included PubMed/MEDLINE, ISRCTN Registry, Web of Science, Lancaster University/OneSearch and the Cochrane Database. Search strategies were developed for each source and search filters were decided (Table 3-7). Medical Subject Heading (MeSH) terms were employ to barely refine the results (Table 2).Overall, seventy-four articles were found and after removing duplicates, forty-nine remained. Thes e were subjected to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, thus narrowing down the results to seventeen relevant articles. The reference lists of the retrieved articles were further reviewed for any relevant cited papers. This process was repeated until no relevant articles were found. Four major randomised clinical trials were identified from these. These were reviewed after undergoing data extraction and quality assessment.Data extraction was carried out using Cochranes data extraction tool and this allowed for a full-text screening that removed any ineligible studies. Moreover, the use of a standardised form increased the validity and reliability of this review whilst also reducing any risk of bias(28). Finally, the trials were critically appraised using the CASP tool. This enabled identifying risk of bias within the trials, in particular selection bias, performance bias and reporting bias.Table 1 Inclusion Criteria Exclusion CriteriaPopulationGeneral population of males aged 65 years or olderPatients who are asymptomatic and symptomatic who were involved in AAA screeningPatients from all ethnicitiesPatients of all socioeconomic statusTrials that include females, jr. children and males younger than 65 years since AAA is age and sex specificInterventionUltrasound Screening for AAAAny other imaging modalities like CT, magnetic resonance imaging or radiographyComparisonNon-screened populationAneurysmAortic AneurysmThoracic AneurysmOutcome (s) mortalityQuality of LifeStudy endeavorRandomised assertled Trials (RCTs)Trials that look at AAA detection using UltrasonographyArticles in the English languageArticles from the time period starting from approximately 20 years before the NAAASP programme came into effect, i.e., 1985 to presentFull articlesAll other types of studies such as qualitative studies, observational studies, cohort or case-series studies.Articles in contrary languagesStudies conducted outside this time periodArticles that are not fully availab leTable 2 Medical Search Headings (MeSH)Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm flowerpot ScreeningUltrasonography suspensionTable 3 PubMed Search Strategy/MethodResultsAbdominal Aortic Aneurysm23,807 hand Screening128,434Ultrasonography386,798 bankrupt109,121AAA + MS599AAA + MS + US300AAA + MS +US + Rupture102AAA + MS +US + RCTs23AAA + MS +US + Rupture + RCTs11Table 4 Web of Science Search Strategy/MethodResultsAbdominal Aortic Aneurysm18,625Mass Screening43,081Ultrasonography80,257Rupture119,830AAA + MS131AAA + MS + US23AAA + MS +US + Rupture12 curb English11Table 5 Cochrane Library (RCTs only) Search Strategy/MethodResultsAbdominal Aortic Aneurysm702Mass Screening3827Ultrasonography11,318Rupture3097AAA + MS46AAA + MS + US23AAA + MS +US + Rupture10Table 6 OneSearch Search Strategy/MethodResultsAbdominal Aortic Aneurysm27,819Mass Screening73,090Ultrasonography122,460Rupture94738AAA + MS604AAA + MS + US123AAA + MS +US + Rupture42Limit Articles39Table 7 ISRCTN Registry/BioMed Central Search Strate gy/MethodResultsAbdominal Aortic Aneurysm37Mass Screening328Ultrasonography88Rupture176AAA + MS3Results Four dominant randomised controlled trials (RCTs) were identified- the Multicentre Aneurysm Screening Study(4) (MASS) conducted between 1997 to 1999 the Chichester Study(5), 1988 to 1991 the Viborg County Trial(6), 1994 to 1998 and the Western Australia (WA) Trial(7), 1996. These collectively showed that AAA mortality rate can be significantly reduced in the population following an ultrasound scan of the abdominal aorta (Table 8).The Mass and Chichester trials were carried out in the UK and had a participant number of 67,770 men aged 65 to 74 years and 6040 men aged 65-80 years, respectively. The Viborg earth trial was conducted in the Viborg county of Denmark with a participant number of 12,639 men aged 65-73 years the WA trial, carried out in the province of Western Australia included 41,000 men aged 65-79.All these trials used ultrasound screening of the abdomen to detect AAA and measured AAA-mortality as the primary outcome(4-7). The secondary outcomes of all trials were all-cause mortality. However the Mass trial also measured quality of life and cost-effectiveness as the secondary outcomes. Cost-effectiveness was also measured by the Viborg trial as the secondary outcome. Participants were randomly selected and randomization was computer-generated(4-7).Mass and Chichester trials recruited participants via GP registers based on gender and date of birth. In the Mass trial, some were excluded if the GP considered them to terminally ill, had other health problems or had undergone AAA repair(4). In the Viborg trial, recruitment was through the countys health department and WA participants were selected from the electoral roll(6, 7). The WA trial excluded those men who were too far from the screening location the Viborg trial had no such exclusions.MASS TrialThe intervention group peaceful of 33839 men and the control group, 1333 men. Attendance was 80% a nd the median follow-up was ten years(4). 65 men died in the intervention group and 113 died in the control group, due to AAA. Mortality data was taken from death registry provided by the Office of National Statistics (ONS).The study concluded that AAA mortality rate can be significantly reduced by up to half, following ultrasound screening. There was a 42% reduction in the intervention group, hazard ratio (HR) 0.58 95% CI (0.42-0.78)(4).The study also measured mood and health status outcomes such as state anxiety, depression, and health-status measures such as mental and physical health, and self-rated health(4, 13). These were calculated at intervals of six weeks after screening and, 3 and 12 months after detection of aneurysm or surgery. There were no significant changes in anxiety and depression and these remained within the recommendations(4). However, those screened negative and undergoing surveillance scored higher in health-status measures. This trend keep until 3 months a fter screening(4). However at 12 months, those who had undergone surgery scored higher than those in surveillance. They also self-rated higher, similar to those screened negative(4). Despite these results, the authors refrained from making a conclusive mastery on quality of life.In the intervention group, there was an increase in the number of elective surgeries, odds ratio (OR)- 2.45 95% CI (2.02-2.97)(4). Nevertheless, there was no significant difference in the boilersuit 30-day mortality after elective surgery in the intervention and control groups this remained at 6%. However, unnecessary surgery and the risk of overdiagnosis are seen as factors reducing the overall quality of life(29). So even though this increase in elective surgery in the intervention group and its effects could be used as a measure of quality of life, the authors did not make such a link.Chichester TrialThe intervention group composed of 2995 men and the control group, 3045 men. The median follow-up was fi fteen years and the attendance rate, 74%, decreased with age. About 33.8% of men in the age spew of 76-80 years declined compared to 19.5% in the age group of 65 years(5). 10 men died in the intervention group and 17 died in the control group, due to AAA-related causes. akin the Mass trial, mortality data was taken from the ONS Death Registry.The study found no differences in mortality rates in the two groups up to four years from screening. However, over 15 years, mortality was found to be reduced in the intervention group by 11%. This was not considered as a significant reduction, HR 0.89 95% CI (0.60-1.32) (5).Viborg Trial The intervention group composed of 6339 men and the control group, 6319 men. Attendance was 76% and the maximum follow-up was cardinal years(6). 6 men died in the intervention group, compared to 19 in the control group. Mortality data was taken from the national registry.There was a significant reduction in AAA-related hospital mortality, OR-0.31 95% CI (0. 13-0.79)(6). The study recommends screening men aged 65 years to reduce AAA-mortality. However since the study only illustrious deaths from AAA in a hospital setting in the county of Viborg, this finding cannot be expanded to other countries.Western Australia Trial The intervention and control groups composed of 19352 men each. Attendance rate was 70% and the maximum follow-up was 43-months(7). 18 men died in the intervention group and 25 died in the control group. Mortality data was taken from the national death registry and the hospital registry.The study found that there was no significant reduction in mortality following ultrasound scanning in the intervention group of men aged 65-83 years in Western Australia, OR- 0.72 95% CI (0.39-1.32)(7). However the study note that in the subgroup of men aged 65-75 years, mortality was found to be reduced(7).Table 8 AAA mortality raw dataTrialDeaths in ScreenedDeaths in UnscreenedOdds Ratio (95% CI)MASS65/33,839113/33,9610.58 (0.42 to 0.7 8)Chichester10/320517/32280.59 (0.27 to 1.29)Viborg6/633919/63190.31 (0.13 to 1.79)Western Australia (WA)18/1935225/193520.72 (0.39 to 1.32)Total*93/56,396155/56,5410.60 (0.46 to 0.78)*Data from the Viborg trial is not included since the study noted deaths only in a hospital setting. Hence, results cannot be compared to the other studies(30)DiscussionThe pooled data of 125595 participants shows that AAA mortality rate can be significantly reduced in the population following an ultrasound scan of the abdominal aorta. Data from the four RCTs show that the despotic Risk Reduction (ARR) for the Mass trial, Chichester, Viborg and WA are 0.14%, 0.21%, 0.21% and 0.04%, respectively (See Table 9 for the full data processed by the review author). Although these may issue insignificant, when applied over a population, the ARR is 140.7, 214.6, 206.0 and 36.2 per 100,000 respectively. Hence, the Numbers Needed to Screen (NNS) are 711, 466, 485 and 2765 respectively. On an average, this is an ARR of 149.4 out of every 100,000 people for an NNS of 1107. This NNS is lower than other screening programmes like breast cancer screening which has an NNS of 1339(31). This confirms the benefits of a population-based screening programme such as the NAAASP.The Mass trial, which looked at the effects of ultrasound screening on the quality of life found its measures to be within normal standards. Since the NAAASP is based on the results of this trial, it can be said that ultrasound screening has no adverse effects on the quality of life of the screened population. However, a limitation acts on the trial- quality of life was measured only up to twelve months after scan no data is available for the period after that. If quality of life was continued to be measured during follow-ups or even separately via postal questionnaires or GP appointments, a more valid inference could have been drawn. It would also have provided a fuller picture on the long-term effects on quality of life.One oth er limitation acting on this review is the possibility of selection bias as a result of excluding some articles in distant languages. Despite this, the findings of this review remain unaffected and can be considered valid since an exhaustive search of the major databases was carried out systematically. Although the inclusion criteria of free-articles was applied after this search, Lancaster Universitys subscription utility ensured access to all available articles and a complete retrieval of the selected search was possible. The pooled study population consisted of 125,595 men and the MASS trial alone had a take in of 67800 people. So, conclusions on quality of life and AAA mortality can be considered reliable.However, there are inconsistencies present in the four RCTs due to the different methods used. For example, the Viborg trial noted mortality only in a hospital setting. This makes its results incomparable to the other trials. Also, the source of mortality data varies in the four studies. All the trials looked at the national death registries but the Chichester and WA trials also looked at other sources(5, 7). This may have resulted in possible over-estimation or duplication of data. Similarly, the cause of death was re-checked by a clinician and two random vascular surgeons in the Chichester and WA trials, respectively. Whilst expert opinion regarding the cause of death could lead to precise and accurate mortality data, there could also be false-positives when opinions are formed on complex cases with multiple causes of mortality.This subject of human error was also noted whilst carrying out the propaedeutic ultrasound screening (Appendix A). Individual measurements of the same abdominal aortic diameter were varied. Although this points to the possibility of human error that may adversely affect the accuracy the diagnosis, the NAAASP identifies stave training as a significant aspect of the programme to overcome this. Staffs are well-trained in the use of ultrasonography for AAA screening and in the overall delivery of the programme(8). Also, the programme itself has several failsafe procedures incorporated within all phases of the programme so that the performance thresholds are constantly maintained(8).The result of this review can be applied to patient care in the UK. The NAAASP is successfully running its seventh year. Since its implementation in 2009, one million men have been screened(32). Accumulating evidence shows it is possible to reduce AAA-mortality by ultrasound screening, thereby making it possible to achieve the programmes aim.Public Health England could implement similar screening interventions in other disease areas. There is currently a long of list of conditions like atrial fibrillation, thyroid disease and lung cancer where a population-based screening is not offered (but privately available) due to the absence of enough evidence to inform a screening programme(33). Evidence-based healthcare could be further expanded to diseases like these.It is not just new and untreatable diseases that prove to be a challenge to 21st century medicine it is the phenomenon of the disease-iceberg that proves most challenging. By detecting and treating early onset of illnesses, people live a bimestrial and healthier life.Table 9 Data processed by the review author using the results from the four RCTsTrialExperimental Event Rate (EER)Control Event Rate (CER)Absolute Risk ReductionRelative Risk ReductionNumber(s) Needed to Screen (NNS)Odds Ratio/Relative RiskMASS0.001920860.003327350.001406490.422705710.9921.73222Chichester0.003120120.005266420.002146290.407543465.9191.68789Viborg0.0009465220.003006800.002060280.685207485.3703.17669Western Australia0.0009301360.001291860.0003617200.2800002764.571.38889Overall0.001578070.002768060.001189990.429901840.3441.75408Overall*0.001649050.002741370.001092320.398457915.4821.66239*Data from the Viborg trial is not included since the study noted deaths only in a hospit al setting. Hence, results cannot be compared to the other studies(30)Conclusion Following critical appraisal of the current available evidence provided by four major RCTs, it was found that mortality from AAA can be significantly reduced in males aged 65 years and older, through a population-based screening programme. Ultrasonography continues to be the chosen imaging modality due to its accuracy and ease-of-use. It was also found that such a screen