Postcolonial Historian Matthew Frye Jacobson In Whiteness

Postcolonial historian Matthew Frye Jacobson in Whiteness of a Different Color: European Immigrants and the Alchemy of Race traces the â€Å"racial odyssey† of immigrants from Eastern and Southern Europe who were at ï ¬ rst regarded as racial other, and then relegated to the status between black and white, and finally inclusive as Caucasian white. These in-between groups were classiï ¬ ed as â€Å"Hebrews,† â€Å"Celts,† â€Å"Mediterraneans,† â€Å"Iberics,† â€Å"Slavs,† â€Å"Teutons,† and the like in nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Jacobson analyses the contest over the definition, boundaries, internal hierarchies, and identities of inclusion into the white races, and the eventual Caucasian by the mid twentieth century. Caucasian identity united all European origin†¦show more content†¦7). During this period, the population of European origin was homogeneous, while the population of color combination was star kest. Jacobson explains that the 1790 law codified the assumptions of white privilege dating from the seventeenth century colonial charters, statutory law, and the Articles of Confederation. The idea of citizenship was weaved with whiteness and maleness before the Revolution, because citizen was someone who could help put down a slave rebellion or participate in Indian wars (p. 25). The only chattel slaves were of African descent, the only savages were the indigenous peoples, and most of the rest were British descended Christians. The 1790 law set a mandating precedent that even the â€Å"uncivilized† immigrants from Europe could automatically be regarded as whites, in contrast to the Indians and black slaves. Jacobson claims that the second phase of American nativism history from the 1840s to 1924 is mainly the history of a fundamental revision of whiteness (p. 68). The unitary concept of whiteness was shattered by the arrival of the â€Å"Celts† during the mid-nineteenth century, and of â€Å"Hebrews,† â€Å"Italians,† â€Å"Slavs,† and others at the end of the century. Large numbers of Catholic German and Irish famine peasants raised the questions about white entitlement and the capacities for republican citizenship of newly immigrants who were attaining citizenship as white people. To maintain the privilege of whiteness, AngloShow MoreRelatedOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pagesliberation of women and colonized peoples more generally, are analyzed in considerable detail in John Morrow’s wide-ranging essay on the causes, experience, and impact of mechanized warfare in the twentieth century. Departing from a tendency among historians to specialize in one or the other of what have been viewed as very different wars, Morrow not only compares the two conflicts in detail, but also approaches each war and its linkages from a thoroughly global perspective. This combination of

Social Psychology Counterfactual Thinking - 1216 Words

Introduction Regret is classified as a negative feeling. As a general perception people who have regrets are considered to be sorry for any of their actions. However, it should be noted that regret is a different emotion that guilt. Just like many other people, I also have many regrets in life. Some of them are not very important, while the others are significant to me as they continue to affect my life in a negative way. In this paper I shall discuss three of my major regrets in life in context with the counterfactual thinking in social psychology. Counterfactual thinking The literal meaning of counterfactual thinking is the thought process that is contrary to the facts. When a person tries to change the antecedent that actually happened and then analyzes a situation that could have resulted with the changed antecedents, he begins to think how the situation could have turned out to be different than what it is now. For example, when a person survives a road traffic accident, he begins to think how he could have prevented the accident from taking place. He starts to think that if he was not over speeding then he might have not gotten into accident. This is the imagination of a counterfactual situation. Studies have suggested that counterfactual thoughts have the potential to produce negative feelings; nonetheless in rare instances they also produce some beneficial and functional effects (Roese, 1997). When people start having counterfactual thoughts, they also startShow MoreRelatedCounterfactual Thinking and Experiences of Regret1732 Words   |  7 PagesCounterfactual thinking and experiences of regret Introduction Counterfactual thinking is the cognitive process in which individuals can simulate alternative realities, to think about how things could have turned out differently, with statements such as ‘what if’ and ‘if only’. Counterfactuals can be either upward, in which alternative realities are improved, or downward, in which alternative realities are worsened. Reflecting on previous outcomes can make individuals experience regret and thisRead MoreEvaluating Causation When Confronted With Unfavorable Outcomes1743 Words   |  7 Pagesoften dwell on â€Å"what might have been† and wonder about the possible results of having made an alternative choice; we call this process counterfactual thinking (Sanna Chang, 2006). This paper aims to examine how this type of thinking can affect the ways in which we process causation when confronted with unfavorable outcomes. In order to gauge how counterfactual thinking can be affected, we will focus on the factors of gen der and mutability of a situation. According to Epstude and Roese (2008), whenRead MoreCounterfactual Thinking and Its Effects on Well-Being, Satisfaction, and Self –Efficacy2094 Words   |  9 PagesAbstract Studies are examined in relation to counterfactual thinking and how it can ultimately have effects on various self-perceptions and emotions. Satisfaction among students and their grades have been linked with counterfactual thinking (consideration of might-have-been alternatives to reality). Movement of direction is also considered, specifically when considering rape victims and their thoughts of what they could have done to prevent the outcome, presumably leading to self-blame. Self-EfficacyRead MoreEssay about Social-Psychological Principles of the Movie Unforgiven1333 Words   |  6 PagesSocial-Psychological Principles of the Movie Unforgiven Florida Institute of Technology Most movies have different social-psychological principles, however most people are watching movies to be entertained, and not to psychologically analyze them. There are many different principles that would be applicable to the film we are discussing however, I have chosen to analyze three scenes discussing altruism, self-fulfilling prophecy, and counterfactual thinking. Please review the following scenesRead MoreSocial Psychology As A Whole1509 Words   |  7 PagesThis artwork took a lot of thought and I wanted to demonstrate more than just a topic, but rather Social Psychology as a whole. The piece has three aspects, there is a person to the left hand side at a closer look to represent a person as an individual, the mirror with the main person’s reflection on how the individual views themselves and how others would see the main person, then groups of people to the right of the image. This is broken down into groups that the main person associates with, theRead MoreTo Wha t Extent Does Language Influence Thought? Essay2740 Words   |  11 Pagesof Time in English and Mandarin Research by Lera Boroditsky (2001) posed many interesting questions regarding linguistic diversity and the resultant interplay between language and thought: whether linguistic diversity stimulates different ways of thinking, whether learning new languages changes the way one thinks, whether bilingual and multilingual people think differently when speaking different languages. Clark (2003) maintains that although language does not indicate a complete map of consciousnessRead MoreRelationship Between Attributional Style, Information Valence, Likability, And Need For Cognitive Closure1215 Words   |  5 Pagesbetter: Dispositional optimism and pessimism and counterfactual thinking.  Personality Individual Differences,  86, 122-125. Collins, N.L., Miller, L.C. (1994). Self-disclosure and liking: A meta-analytic review. Psychological Bulletin, 116(3), 457-475. Goodmon, L. B., Kelly, C., Mauldin, M., Young, K. (2015). Jumping to negative impressions: The relationship between pessimism, information valence, and likability.  North American Journal of Psychology,  17(3), 485-508. Hargie, O. (2006). The handbookRead MorePysch Exam Chapter 811814 Words   |  48 PagesClark, who examines how people encode information from the environment d. All three scientists could be considered cognitive psychologists Answer: d; Moderate 5. According to your text, the cognitive approach became the most important school of psychology in the ____. a. 1940s b. 1950s c. 1960s d. 1970s Answer: c; Moderate 6. Which of these statements does NOT accurately identify a general difference between computers and the human brain? a. Computers process information in a parallel fashionRead MoreAn Examination of How Training and Development Initiatives in an Organization Can Impact on Employees’ Performance and Work Morale1851 Words   |  8 PagesJ.A., LePine, J.A., and Noe, R.A. (2000), ‘Toward an Integrative Theory of Training Motivation: A Meta-Analytic Path Analysis of 20 Years of Research.’ Journal of Applied Psychology, 85(5), 678–707. 5. Epstude, K., amp; Roese, N. J. (2008). The Functional Theory of Counterfactual Thinking. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 12, 168–192. 6. Fischer, G.W., and Nunn, N.P. (1992). ‘Nonmonetary Incentives: It Can be Done.’ Journal of Management in Engineering, 8(1), 40–52. 7. MihiotisRead MoreAnalysis Of Sapir Whorf And Benjamin Lee Whorf1867 Words   |  8 Pageslinguistic relativism. This is the belief that the language which we speak directly influences how we comprehend the world around us. Sapir (1949) writes of his belief that Human beings do not live in the objective world alone, nor alone in the world of social activity as ordinarily understood, but are very much at the mercy of the particular language which has become the medium of expression for their society. It is quite an illusion to imagine that one adjusts to reality essentially without the use of

Succubus Dreams CHAPTER 9 Free Essays

string(39) " thoughts spinning ahead to next week\." â€Å"I don’t understand this,† said Seth good-naturedly. â€Å"I catch you stripping in front of other men, yet I’m the one who gets punished.† Clasping his hand, I led him onto the ice skating rink. We will write a custom essay sample on Succubus Dreams CHAPTER 9 or any similar topic only for you Order Now Just like with dancing, I glided with practiced ease. Seth’s movements were jerky and uncertain. Without my hand, I suspected he would have fallen already. â€Å"This is good for you, Mortensen. You sit at a desk – or table or whatever – all day. This’ll get your muscles working again. Get the old blood pumping.† His teasing smile turned into a grimace, his hold on my hand turning into a death grip. â€Å"There are a hundred other ways I could do that.† â€Å"But none as fun,† I assured him. Seth was brilliant and funny, but coordinated he was not. During the early days of our acquaintance, I’d tried to teach him to dance. It had been grueling. After a very long time, he’d learned the basic steps, but the process had never been easy – or, I suspected, enjoyable – for him. I’d let him off easy since then, only making him go out dancing once. He’d grown complacent now, which was why I felt this experience would be so good for him. â€Å"Men were not meant to wear blades on their feet,† he told me as we trudged further toward the rink’s center. We were outdoors, at a small park, and our breathing made frosty clouds in the air. â€Å"Women weren’t meant wear to stilettos,† I told him. â€Å"But you don’t hear me bitching about it.† â€Å"That’s different. They do great things for your legs. This? This just makes me look stupid.† â€Å"Well, then,† I said. â€Å"You better learn. Time to take off the training wheels.† I released his hand. â€Å"Hey! What the – â€Å" But I was gone, slipping away from his grasp with a laugh. He stood there frozen while I skated away, circling the rink in graceful loops and figure eights. After a few rounds, I skated back up to him, finishing with a neat pirouette. He hadn’t moved from the spot where I’d left him, but he no longer appeared annoyed. â€Å"Look at you,† he said, touching my face. â€Å"Rosy cheeks. Snowflakes in your hair. You’re the Snow Queen.† â€Å"God, I hope not. That’s a depressing story. Hans Christian Andersen had issues.† â€Å"All writers have issues,† he assured me. I laughed and took his arm, leading him around in more awkward skating. My legs and feet protested the slow movement, but the rest of me was happy to have quality time with Seth. â€Å"Speaking of writers with issues,† I said. â€Å"How can I get in trouble for stripping in front of other men when you have a date with another woman?† If not for the fact he would have fallen over, I suspect Seth would have elbowed me. â€Å"That’s your own fault,† he said. â€Å"You made me do it, so don’t get all jealous now.† â€Å"I’m not jealous – but I think Maddie does have a crush on you.† â€Å"Unlikely. It’s probably just author worship.† He gave me a pointed look. â€Å"Like some people I know. If anything, she’s got a crush on you.† â€Å"Oh, for God’s sake, stop with the lesbian fantasy thing.† â€Å"Nah, nothing like that. She just idolizes you, that’s all. You’re chipping away at that insecure exterior of hers, and I think she’s starting to really see how much she’s capable of. You’re sort of setting the example.† I hadn’t considered that. â€Å"Really?† â€Å"Yup. Keep training her up, and we’ll have a mini-Georgina on our hands.† Seth chuckled as we made a painstakingly slow turn. â€Å"Between her, that new succubus, and my nieces, you should start a Ladies Finishing School. How can you be such a good influence and have such a†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"Demeaning job?† I supplied. â€Å"Something like that. Of course, I suppose it could be worse.† I gave him a sidelong glance. â€Å"Could it?† â€Å"Yeah, you could, like, sell Amway or be trying to get me to move large amounts of money out of Nigeria.† â€Å"Definite deal breakers in any relationship,† I said solemnly. He looked over at me, rather brave considering the intense attention he’d been giving his feet. Under the rink’s soft lights, his expression was tender. His lips curled into a small, fond smile, and his eyes shone with an affection that almost made me go weak in the knees. Maybe it was a trick to get me to fumble my skating. It nearly worked. â€Å"For you?† he said, coming to a stop. â€Å"It might be worth it.† â€Å"Worth cleaning out your bank account?† â€Å"Yes.† â€Å"Worth being part of a pyramid scheme?† â€Å"They say they don’t do that anymore.† â€Å"What if they’re lying?† â€Å"Thetis,† he said with a sigh. â€Å"I’m going to say something to you I’ve never said before.† â€Å"What is it?† â€Å"Be quiet.† And then he leaned down and kissed me, bringing warmth to my cold lips. Nearby, I heard children giggle at us, but I didn’t care. I felt the kiss down to my toes. It was brief, like always, but when Seth pulled away, my whole body was filled with heat. Every nerve in me tingled, alive and wonderful. I barely noticed the chilly temperature or the way our breathing formed frosty clouds in the air. He laced his fingers through mine and lifted my hand to his lips. I had gloves on, but he kissed exactly where I wore his ring. â€Å"Why are you so sweet?† I asked, my voice small. My heart beat rapidly, and every star peeping through the clouds seemed to be shining just for me. â€Å"I don’t think I’m that sweet. I mean, I just told you to be quiet. That’s one step away from asking you to wash my laundry and make me a sandwich.† â€Å"You know what I mean.† Seth pressed another kiss to my forehead. â€Å"I’m sweet because you make it easy to be sweet.† We linked arms again and continued our circuit. I had a sappy urge to rest my head against his shoulder but figured that might be asking too much of his coordination. â€Å"What do you want for Christmas?† I asked, my thoughts spinning ahead to next week. You read "Succubus Dreams CHAPTER 9" in category "Essay examples" â€Å"I don’t know. There’s nothing I need.† â€Å"Oh no,† I teased. â€Å"You aren’t one of those, are you? One of those people who are impossible to shop – â€Å" One of Seth’s feet slipped out from under him. I managed to stay upright, but he went down, his legs crumpling underneath him. â€Å"Oh my God,† I said, kneeling down. â€Å"Are you okay?† â€Å"I think so,† he said. The tight set of his lips informed me things were a bit more painful than he was letting on. Putting my arm around his hip, I helped him up. The leg he’d fallen on started to buckle, but he managed to keep it steady in the end. â€Å"Come on,† I said, steering him toward the gate. â€Å"We should go.† â€Å"We just got here.† â€Å"Oh, suddenly you’re a fan, Scott Hamilton?† â€Å"Nope, but you are. It was just a fall.† Maybe it had been just a fall, but the thought of Seth getting hurt had made my heart seize up. â€Å"No, no. Let’s go. I’m hungry.† The expression on his face informed me that he knew I wasn’t that hungry, but he didn’t fight me anymore. When we’d shed our skates for normal shoes, I was pleased to see he didn’t walk with a limp or anything. That would have really been too much: him getting hurt and having it be my fault. â€Å"I’m not made of glass,† he told me as we drove to dinner. He was remarkably good at guessing my thoughts. â€Å"You don’t have to protect me.† â€Å"It’s instinct,† I said, lightly. But in my mind, I recalled the grim conversation he’d had with Erik. They were mortal. They could get hurt. They could die. It was something I’d witnessed over and over throughout the centuries. Each time I grew close to a new mortal, I’d try to pretend that it wouldn’t happen to him or her. But it always did, and eventually that cold reality would hit me, no matter how hard I tried to push it aside. In fact, that knowledge consumed me for the rest of my night with Seth. I knew it was stupid to make such a big deal out of one fall, but I’d seen too many small things lead to disaster in my life. Lying in bed beside him later on, I found myself thinking back to a series of events that had also started small and ended in tragedy. Several centuries ago, I lived in a small town in southern England. I’d called myself Cecily then and worn a body with flaming red hair and big, man-eating eyes the color of sapphires. Funny thing about the Middle Ages. Modern folk always harbor this image of devout, God-fearing people strictly adhering to the letter of divine law. While they were certainly devout back then, that whole adherence thing left something to be desired – even among the clergy. No, scratch that. Especially among the clergy. Powerful churchmen often lived very well in an age where commoners desperately tried to scratch out a living. Ironically, that desperation contributed to the Church’s wealth since the population hoped their lots would improve in the next world and gave money accordingly. Wealth and power lead to corruption, however, and the bishop of the town I lived in was one of the most corrupt around. And I was his mistress. Ostensibly, I worked as a servant in his household, but most of my laboring occurred in bed. He fawned over me and kept me supplied with nice clothes and other trinkets, and everyone knew about our relationship. People accepted that it was technically wrong, but most just lived with it. A lot of other bishops – and popes – had mistresses too, and like I said, not everyone was as devout as modern romantics like to believe. Simply living in sin with a crooked bishop didn’t satisfy my job requirements. After all, I was a real go-getter in those days, and it hadn’t taken too much to lead him astray. If I hadn’t done it, someone else would have. So, I slept around on him when I could, getting regular fixes and a great deal of entertainment along the way. One day of said entertainment came from two monks who pulled knives on each other after discovering I’d slept with both of them. I don’t know what good they thought it would do. I hardly ever saw them anyway since their monastery lay so far outside of town. Besides, considering how mediocre both liaisons had been, I didn’t have much interest in revisiting either one. Nonetheless, they fought ferociously, drawing a lot of blood until a local priest managed to separate them. I watched the conflict with an innocent face, hidden among the enthusiastic crowd. No one suspected my involvement, save the intervening priest. His name was Andrew, and I adored him. Bishops performed masses and other sacraments, but they also had administrative responsibilities. Consequently, Andrew performed a lot of day-to-day ministering. He frequently visited the house where I lived and would speak to me both as a friend and a pastor while traveling to and from his duties. â€Å"Do you hate me?† I asked him after the fight. We sat in the garden outside the bishop’s house. A couple other servants tended the grounds nearby but were still too far away to overhear us. Andrew hadn’t specifically cited my involvement in the fight, but he had mentioned the incident when he arrived, lamenting what a shame it was that two brothers had been driven to such extremes. Closing his eyes, he tipped his head back into the sunshine. A heavy gold cross – a gift from my bishop that Andrew continually wanted to sell – rested on his chest, gleaming in the light. â€Å"No, of course not.† I studied him, admiring his young, handsome face and thinking the real shame was his celibacy. Wind ruffled his silky brown hair, and I imagined running my fingers through it. â€Å"You sound disapproving.† â€Å"I disapprove of sin, not of you.† He straightened back up and opened his eyes. â€Å"You I pray for.† I shifted uncomfortably. I didn’t like being prayed for. â€Å"What do you mean?† He smiled at me, and I nearly sighed at his beauty. I longed to have him as a conquest, but he’d proven resistant so far. Of course, that only added to his appeal. I sometimes felt that if I could ever taste it, the energy from his soul would feed me for a lifetime. â€Å"I pray for your physical and spiritual health. I pray you will sin no more. I pray you will find some man you can marry and have children with.† He hesitated. â€Å"Although, I’d prefer it more if you took vows.† I arched an eyebrow of surprise. â€Å"Why?† â€Å"Why not? You read and write. You’re more educated than half the brothers at the monastery. You’d be a great asset to the abbey.† I tilted my head so that some of my hair spilled over my face, knowing how the light would set it ablaze. I held onto his gaze tenaciously. â€Å"Is that the only reason why? Or do you just like the idea of me never being with another man?† Andrew looked away and took a long time answering. â€Å"I’d like you to be my sister in Christ,† he said finally. â€Å"We all struggle with temptation, and I would like to see you removed from it.† With that, he stood up and straightened the kinks from his body. I remained sitting. â€Å"I should leave. It’s getting late.† He started to walk away, but I called after him. â€Å"What about you? Do you struggle with temptation?† He stopped walking and glanced at me over his shoulder. A small smile, rueful and sad, played at his lips as he regarded me. â€Å"Of course. You are my great temptation, and you know it. I’d like to be free of that as well.† â€Å"Are you sure?† I asked softly. Shaking his head, still smiling, he left the garden. That had been our last truly happy day together†¦. Back in the present, in bed, sleepiness started to take over and interrupt my recollections. I put a bookmark in my thoughts, reluctant to leave the memory of when life with Andrew had still been sweet and good. I hadn’t been able to stop that story’s ending, but as I rolled over and studied Seth’s sleeping form, I vowed history wouldn’t repeat itself. How to cite Succubus Dreams CHAPTER 9, Essay examples

Leadership Management Ineffective Performance

Question: Discuss about theLeadership Managementfor Ineffective Performance. Answer: Introduction Leadership is the process in which the individual tries to influence others so that an objective can be achieved and directs the organization in a cohesive and coherent manner (Klenke 2016). The difference between management and leadership are that management have subordinates in their system and is differentiated by seniority that have powers over others in making the work done. It is more of an authoritarian style where the subordinates need to carry out the duties assigned to them by the seniors. The management pays the managers to get the work done within the timeframe that is allotted to them. Leaders on the other hand have followers, which is a voluntary activity. Leaders take the risks in the organization and finds alternate ways to avoid these risks. The role of the leaders is to identify the ineffective performance in the organization, which results in the loss of productivity levels (Johnston and Marshall 2016). The satisfaction of the leaders is the feeling of power and prestige bestowed upon them. It gives them a chance to develop others and have high income opportunities bundled with respect and status in the society. They have the opportunity to control the inflow and outflow of money and resources in the organization. The frustrations of leaders are that they need to work overtime without any compensation. It causes headaches and puts stress on the mind of the leaders. The leaders need to go through many politics regarding the organizational structure (Klenke 2016). The leaders should develop their skills by communicating in a proper manner; they need to encourage enthusiasm and a sense of belonging in the organization. They need to pursue the workers to work until the goals and the targets are met (Lussier and Achua 2015). The combination of psychological traits that define a person is known as personality. To identify the personality with the efforts that are recognizable can be done by Myers-Briggs Type Indicator and the five-factor model of personality. The Myers-Briggs indicator helps in establishing the extrovert and introvert type of personality based on the social interaction. Sensing and intuitiveness of a person can be understood by the choice of the data that the individual gathers. Feeling and thinking can affect the personality of the individual by the decision making capacity of them and the style of making the decisions helps to identify the perception and judgment of the individual. The personality traits of the leaders can be divided in to general traits that are self-confidence and the trustworthiness of the individual and the task related trait can be identified through the controlling capacity of the individual (Lam et al. 2016). The personalized power motives in a leader attract the m towards the status symbols, luxuries and the monetary benefits. The socialized power motives help the leader to use their powers in helping others. The McClelland theory of three needs is the need for achievement, which is the driving force towards excellence in achieving a set of standards. The need for power makes the leaders behave in a manner in which they want to seek control over everything, which makes them influential. The need for affiliation helps in developing close and friendly relationships in the organization (Chemers 2014). The cognitive factors are that for the business to succeed the mental strength of the personality is important. The leaders need to be mentally sharp so that they can solve problems and make a creative plan. They must identify the key information that is essential and memorize those and the mentality to solve the problems leads to cognitive intelligence. The personality and the mental ability of the leaders can be inherited or can be based on the aptitudes of the individuals (Renzulli and DSouza 2014). The strengths of trait approach is that it emphasizes on the emotional intelligence. Honesty, integrity, creativity and imagination are some of the essential leadership traits and leaders can be selected accordingly. The traditional approach in leadership helps individual to be responsible. The limitations of the trait approach are that it does not differentiate the traits according to the leadership situations. The right amount of trait is unknown. The individuals who do not possess leadership traits need to be discouraged from these positions (Dinh et al. 2014). The influence of the behavior of the leader directly affects how the workers respond to the attempt taken to influence them. There can be three possible outcomes in an attempt to influence which are commitment, compliance and resistance (Byme et al. 2014). The influential tactics by leading as an example is by being a role model for the workers in an effective way. Rational persuasion is also an important tactic, which involves the logical arguments and factual evidence to convince an individual or a group of workers in attaining the goal. Subject Matter expert (SME) is also a tactic as it helps the organization in adopting effective strategies to be influential. The favor exchange and bargaining capacity is a tactic as it helps to exchange ideas and labor with another party at a cheaper cost. Networking is a tactic as it helps the members to create a network and ask for help when required is also influential in nature. Another tactic is to legitimate a request so that the policies and practices of the organization can be done by professional people and is within the scope of authority. A leader needs to inspire the values and the motives of the organization to achieve the target (Oc and Bashshur 2013). Personal magnetism can be achiev ed by the charisma that the individual has which will draw others towards the individual. Consulting with others before asserting it is a style and influencing factor in leadership, which helps in the decision-making process. Coalition helps in creating a specific arrangement of the parties to work together and combine their power. Team play helps in influencing others in getting the work done. Leaders need to be manipulative so that they can influence others and gain compliance of the other individuals. Game playing is necessary to influence people that have an agenda or a purpose in hiding so that the exchange of ideas can help to work better (Byme et al. 2014). The managerial roles as identified by Mintzberg are the interpersonal roles, which includes figurehead, the leaders and liaises the communication between people and the organization to work closely. The informational roles help to monitor and disseminate the activities for the spokesperson. The decisional roles involve the entrepreneurs, the handlers who manage disturbance in the organization, the resource allocators and the negotiator who negotiates on behalf of the leader (Mintzberg 2015). The cognitive resource theory helps the experienced leaders to rely on the behaviors of the groups that have high performance rate under stressful conditions. Experience also leads to repeat the behavior patterns on a daily basis. The intellectual abilities of the leaders help in correlating the groups with high performance rate with that of the intellectual abilities of non-directive leaders (Miner 2015). The situations can influence the behavior or style of leadership. This effectively helps the leaders to make their behavioral patterns change according to the situational forces. The internal and the external environment have an impact on the effectiveness of the leaders (Mintzberg 2015). The contingency model of leadership helps in determining the situation in which the leader is working. The style of leadership is a permanent behavioral aspect, which is difficult to modify. To measure the leadership style the least preferred coworker or the LPC scale helps in measuring the degree to which a leader describes an employee favorably or unfavorably with whom the individual has worked the least (Jansen et al. 2016). The leadership situation can be measured in three dimensions, the leader-member relation measures how properly the leader and the group is working together, the structure of the task measures the clarity of goals and procedures and evaluates the job. The position power measures the authority of the leader to recruit, retain or terminate its employees (Miner 2015). The Vroom-Yetton-Jago model identifies the five-decision making styles in which the first two styles are autocratic because the decision of the leader is made with a minimum input form the group. The next two styles are consultative in nature and the fifth style is directed to the group where the consensus of the group is considered before taking the decision. The performance of the leader influences to act on the needs of the group members under him (Jago 2015). The situational leadership model of Hersey and Blanchard explains the style of leadership to examine the readiness of the group members. The path goal theory highlights the fact about what leaders need to do to achieve high productivity at a particular situation. It emphasizes that the leaders need to choose from four different styles of leadership to achieve the best results. However, the contingency factors with respect to environment need to be kept in mind (Rahman 2016). Knowledge management deals with the cultural focus on sharing of knowledge. The access to the knowledge is limited in spite of wide spread information being available through the information technology. Participative leadership help in the decision making process with the group members. The autocratic leadership helps in retaining the majority of the authority. The entrepreneurial leadership helps in guiding the risk-taking activity sensibly (Hislop 2013). Charismatic leadership helps in the proper interaction between the leader and the people who are being led. The impression management system helps the leaders to develop a relationship with their group members. Maintaining the impression in the minds of the group members is important for the leaders. Charismatic leadership effects can be of three different dimensions such as referent power, expert power and the involvement in the job (Mumford and Strange 2013). Transformational leadership is on two types, which are vision and the style of communication. Vision management helps in understanding the different and better working conditions and the ways of achieving it. It is more of a long-term goal. The communication style helps to communicate with the group members in an effective manner. The disadvantages of charismatic leadership are that it leads to culmination of evil in the minds of the leaders. They can use unethical means to make the organization lead towards its goal. The charismatic leaders may neglect the social responsibility that is bestowed upon them. Transformational leadership helps in bringing major positive changes to achieve the goal. They lead their group members beyond the organizational interests to serve the society as well (Dvir et al. 2015). There are four types of power such as legitimate power, which helps in making the right decision staying within the boundaries of law. The reward power helps the leaders to understand the responsibility taken up by the group members and reward them accordingly. The coercive power helps in exercising the punishment power and the group members work with this fear in mind. The information power helps the leader to inform their group members about the work that they need to carry out (Krause 2015). Empowerment means the passing down of power from the managers to the group members in the organization. It plays a big part in assessing the quality management of the organization. It helps in covering many ranges of activities by assuming more responsibility (Dvir et al. 2015). Reference List Byrne, A., Dionisi, A.M., Barling, J., Akers, A., Robertson, J., Lys, R., Wylie, J. and Dupr, K., 2014. The depleted leader: The influence of leaders' diminished psychological resources on leadership behaviors.The Leadership Quarterly,25(2), pp.344-357. Chemers, M., 2014.An integrative theory of leadership. Psychology Press. Dinh, J.E., Lord, R.G., Gardner, W.L., Meuser, J.D., Liden, R.C. and Hu, J., 2014. Leadership theory and research in the new millennium: Current theoretical trends and changing perspectives.The Leadership Quarterly,25(1), pp.36-62. Dvir, T., Eden, D., Avolio, B.J. and Shamir, B., 2015. The impact of Transformational Leadership. Hislop, D., 2013.Knowledge management in organizations: A critical introduction. Oxford University Press. Jago, A., 2015. From Victor Vroom, Philip Yetton, And Arthur Jagos Normative Decision-Process Theory To The Use Of Participative Management.Organizational Behavior 4: From Theory to Practice, p.131. Jansen, J.J., Kostopoulos, K.C., Mihalache, O.R. and Papalexandris, A., 2016. A Socio?Psychological Perspective on Team Ambidexterity: The Contingency Role of Supportive Leadership Behaviours.Journal of Management Studies. Johnston, M.W. and Marshall, G.W., 2016.Sales force management: Leadership, innovation, technology. Routledge. Klenke, K. ed., 2016.Qualitative research in the study of leadership. Emerald Group Publishing Limited. Krause, D.E., 2015. Four types of leadership and orchestra quality.Nonprofit Management and Leadership,25(4), pp.431-447. Lam, W., Lee, C., Taylor, M.S. and Zhao, H.H., 2016. Does Proactive Personality Matter in Leadership Transitions? Effects of Proactive Personality on New Leader Identification and Responses to New Leaders and Their Change Agendas.Academy of Management Journal, pp.amj-2014. Lussier, R.N. and Achua, C.F., 2015.Leadership: Theory, application, skill development. Nelson Education. Miner, J.B., 2015.Organizational behavior 1: Essential theories of motivation and leadership. Routledge. Mintzberg, H., 2015. Henry MINTZBERG, The Nature of Managerial Work (1973) Simply Managing: What Manager Do-And Can Do Better (2013).M@ n@ gement,18(2), pp.186-188. Mumford, M.D. and Strange, J.M., 2013. Vision and mental models: The case of charismatic and ideological leadership. InTransformational and Charismatic Leadership: The Road Ahead 10th Anniversary Edition(pp. 125-158). Emerald Group Publishing Limited. Oc, B. and Bashshur, M.R., 2013. Followership, leadership and social influence.The Leadership Quarterly,24(6), pp.919-934. Rahman, M.M., 2016. Leadership. Analysis of Trait, Behaviour, and Contingency Theories. Renzulli, J.S. and DSouza, S., 2014. Intelligences outside the normal curve: Co-cognitive factors that contribute to the creation of social capital and leadership skills in young people.Critical issues and practices in gifted education: What the research says, pp.343-361.

Nuremberg Trials - Martin Bormann Essays - SS-Obersturmbannfhrer

Nuremberg Trials - Martin Bormann On the night of October 15, 1946, ten of the twelve major war criminals, condemned to death at the Nuremberg trials, were executed. Of the two who eluded the hangman, one was ReichMarshal Hermann Goring, who committed suicide by swallowing a lethal vial of cyanide two hours before his execution. The other man was Reichsleiter Martin Bormann, who had managed to gain an enormous amount of power within the Nazi Party. He was virtually unknown outside of the Party elite as he had worked in the shadows of Hitler. As the end of the war drew near, many of the top Nazis were fleeing. Hermann Goring had fled west, and had been captured by American soldiers, after the death of Hitler had been announced. In Hitler's political will, Goring had been expelled from the party while Martin Bormann had been named Party Minister . According to Jochen Von Lang, Gobbels and Bormann had ?held a military briefing on the night of May 2, 1945. ? Gobbels had already decided to commit suicide but Bormann despe rately wanted to survive. The last entry into his diary was ?escape attempt! ? Martin Bormann's whereabouts after this night is unknown. There are many speculations as to his fate ranging from the probable to the spectacular. Reichsleiter Bormann who, according to A. Zoller, ?exercised absolute control over the whole structure of the Reich? and yet, virtually unknown to the public, was born June 17th, 1900. He was born in Saxon to a Postal Clerk. Bormann joined an anti-Semitic organization in 1920 and by 1923 he was a member of the Freikorps. During this period, he was imprisoned for a year for murder and one year after his release Bormann joined the Nazi Party as a financial administrator. By 1933 he had worked his way to being made a Reichsleiter, a General of the SS and the Chief of Staff to Rudolf Hess. When Hess took flight to England, Bormann gladly inherited his position and became Hitler's deputy. He had many enemies in the Party and Goring explained that even Goebbels feared him and his power . Bormann saw himself to be quite a noble character and in a letter to his wife dated April 2nd, 1945 he wrote that, ?if we are destined, like the Nebeliung, to perish in King Attila's hall, then we go to de ath proudly and with our heads held high.? For all his bravado, as the time to fight arrived, Bormann made a frantic attempt to survive. At the end of the war, the allied leaders decided to prosecute top Nazis as War Criminals in Nuremberg. As Martin Bormann was missing, it was decided that he would be tried in absentia. Although the allies had testimony stating that Bormann was dead, they ignored it because if ?Bormann at this point was to be declared dead by the court, and then to surface later on, die-hard Nazis would suspect that perhaps the Furher was alive too.? In order for allied credibility to remain intact, Bormann was to be tried for Crimes against Peace, War Crimes and Crimes against Humanity. Dr. Friedrich Bergold was appointed to this difficult task of defending a missing man. He considered it ?a miscarriage of justice for the Tribunal to try his client in absentia.? The International Tribunal sentenced Reichsleiter Martin Bormann to death. The night of May 1-2, 1945 is the last known whereabouts of Martin Bormann. The Reichsleiter was desperately trying to leave Berlin alive. He had tried to negotiate with the Russians for a brief cease-fire in order for him to obtain a safe passage through the enemy's lines. It had been rejected. The survivors in the Fuhrerbunker were attempting to escape the city and every twenty minutes a group left. Bormann emerged wearing an SS uniform without rank and a leather overcoat. His pocket contained a copy of Hitler's will, securing him to power. His group, that included Axmann, Kempka and Stumpfegger, arrived at the Friedrichstrasse Subway station but were held up at the Weidendammer Bridge. The Russians held the other side of the bridge and therefore made it impossible to cross without the cover of tanks. Miraculously, some German tiger tanks and

Ladies First. Refers to Emma by Austen and Jane Eyre by Brontë

Ladies First. Refers to Emma by Austen and Jane Eyre by Brontà « Throughout history women have played important roles in society. Women have gone through much adversity to get where they are today. Jane Austen and Charlotte BrontÂÆ' « are some the pioneers of women's literature. Each shows their different aspects of a women's role in society in their books Emma by Austen and Jane Eyre by BrontÂÆ' «. In both of these books the author shows how a woman deals with societies' norms, values, and manners.Jane Eyre is an orphaned daughter of a poor family. She is brought up by her aunt Sarah Reed. Where she is teased and tortured by the aunt and the family. She is not very pretty and is barely on the social structure. On the other hand Emma Woodhouse is a beautiful girl and is financially sound. She is raised by her maternal father.In Emma, Emma Woodhouse is in search of finding the appropriate man for herself is the main theme.English: A tribute to Jane Austen - Bouquet Emma W...As the reader goes deeper into the text Emma slowly progresses into a self-deception. Having since childhood been obliged to manage her father, she still likes to manage things, and particularly people. She manages to manipulate everyone except Mr. George Knightley.In Jane Eyre, Jane demonstrates a strong need to be herself, to take responsibility for her action. She is put to the test by her daily teasing and abuse from her cousins. When she is brought to a boarding school she soon distinguishes herself through her classes. Eventually ends up in Thornfield where she meets Edward Rochester.While growing up in Gateshead Hall, Jane is treated less than a servant. Her cousins John, Eliza, and Georgiana Reed remind Jane she has no worth and is an unwelcome relative. Out of the three cousins John was one of the meanest, not only of Jane...

E U LAW REPORT Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

E U LAW REPORT - Essay Example The legal basis for the audit is to inspire cost reduction efforts in the management of EU affairs at the national level by reducing bureaucracy and external interference in issues that should be resolved at the national level. The audit is also aimed at enhancing better participation of UK in the international body and safeguarding UK’s internal democratic ideals and structures. According the William Hague, the EU needs change in how current challenges should be best handled. The reform would streamline competitiveness; guarantee member countries and the entire region a stable Eurozone and expanded democratic goals (Rostron, 2006). Finally, the UK government believes that a clear structure of authority that spans from local, national, and international levels should prevail in order to eliminate chances of duplication of duties and meddling by parties who lack the locus standi in such jurisdictions. Legal basis Justice and law enforcement The European Union has imposed 130 cr ime and law enforcement regulations including warrant of arrest (Costello, 2012). Although, some parties believe the regulations enhance the effort of many enforcement agencies and security apparatus in the war against cross-border crime, the UK government believes such laws infringe on its sovereignty. ... Employment law The EU’s employment and social law envisages the working-time policy whereby there is a limit on the number of hours of service for employees a day. The rationale is based on health and safety grounds. The EU has also imposed policies which regulate casual workforce environment. Long perceived in Conservative lens as a breach of UK’s open labour market, the employment law has brought the Tories and the Liberal Democrats together. The government of the UK feels that there is a decrease in productivity because local investors are forced to adhere to stricter EU terms instead of working under UK’s free labour market. Financial sector The expected establishment of a common banking union has created panic among investors in the banking industry in regard to whether the new measures might infringe on the local and smaller financial institutions (Vletter-van & Helene, 2012). The UK government wants to protect its national interests but it may not be easil y achieved under the current status quo. EU’s influence is enormous in the sector. Regional policy EU’s regulation policy has also prompted Britain to review the rules. One of the fundamental issues raised by detractors of the EU is that the body’s mandate is somewhat unclear. For instance, how come the international body takes colossal sums of money from Britain only to re-channel the money back to the country’s economically weak sectors? (Rostron, 2006) UK’s regions such as Merseyside and Northern Ireland have in the recent past gained lots of support from EU. Like the UK government, critics argue that the country would be better placed to reform EU’s policies and use the money in more productive national sectors. Potential Criticisms Firstly, the government has emphasized that it is

Evolution and Revolution as Organizations Grow Assignment

Evolution and Revolution as Organizations Grow - Assignment Example It is evidently clear from the discussion that the term revolution of growth has been used to describe substantial turmoil in the trading periods of the organization. Established companies have been able to distinguish the clues that will define their future. On the other hand, those that fail to establish these clues are not lucky to realize their main goal of doing business. Many organizations are in apposition to overcome the external force but do face challenges dealing with their own history of management. This can be termed as direction phase where the company needs the directions. The third phase is the delegation phase. The main aim to start any form of business is not only to make profits but also grow and develop. These developments can be subdivided into phases. There are key forces of developments in this paper will discuss. This paper highlights the main dimensions used to determine the model of any organization development. To start with, the age of the business, the si ze of the business, the various stages of evolution, the stages of the revolution and the general growth in the industry. All this needs good management team in place as well illustrated in BPW Australia. The fourth phase is the coordination phase. Each stage of evolution gives birth to a new revolution. The managerial team is busy looking for solutions and this revolution dictates the next evolution in the business sector. Another important model is the age of the organization, the experience that the company gains over time helps a lot in its growth and development. Every procedure is extensively reviewed. The top executives are there to maintain high business standards. The fifth phase is the collaboration phase. The Size of the business has now fully grown sales volumes of the company have increased, its employees and the like. The level of the hierarchy is established, creating more opportunities within the organization internally and externally. This has the effects that evolu tion can be prolonged whereas revolution can delay when the profits of the business are achieved in a faster way. Again at this phase regular top management meeting are done regularly, to spot any issues arising.

Cognitive behaviour therapy- case study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Cognitive behaviour therapy- case study - Essay Example At the surface are the negative automatic thoughts (NAT), which are beliefs and assumptions stored in memory as schemas (Bartlet, 1932). NAT forms the basis of the classic Beck model of depression, which is based not only on NAT about oneself, and the world and the future, but also upon maladaptive assumptions and negative schemas (Beck, 1967). The underlying cause of anxiety is a distortion in processing information is connected with the client’s overestimated concept of danger and the underestimated ability to cope (Beck, Emery & Greenberg, 1985). Activation of danger appraisals, in conjunction with physiological changes maintain different anxiety vicious circles (Simmons & Griffiths, 2009). Specific models of disorders, such as generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) are characterized by the person’s inability to cope with chronic worry. Similarly, the Social Phobia Model emphasizes the fact that, in the cognition of the person suffering from social phobia, certain situat ions are associated with danger (Clark & Wells, 1995). CBT is goal-oriented, and it emphasizes collaboration and active participation (Westbrook et al., 2007). CBT teaches the client how to identify, evaluate and respond to his or her dysfunctional thoughts and beliefs. ... At the beginning of the session, she was avoiding eye contact by nervously adjusting her scarf, trying to cover red stains all over her chest and neck. I deliberately ignored this behavior, and focused on the therapy process, which helped her to relax. She became less fidgety and our conversation went fluently. Client biographical details and recent history: Sally is a 24-year-old female, who is single and working as a training officer. Sally describes her childhood as happy, however, there were events which may have significantly influenced her current life. Her parents divorced when she was eight. This confused her, but it did not affect her as much as it could have, because both parents were there for her. She has a close relationship with her mother, although she described her as overprotective and bossy. Since the age of seven, Sally was physical and psychologically bullied by other kids at her school. Because of this, she had problems adapting to school and struggled to fit in socially to school life. Because of this, she had to change schools twice. Sally continued her education at a university in Scotland. Her teenage life was also influenced by a few dramatic events. When she was sixteen, she had her first abortion. She described this as a relief, as both she and her boyfriend were about to start university. During the first year at the university, Sally had her first depressive episode. She described her first year at university as horrible. She was bullied by her flatmates, and she felt lonely and separated from her boyfriend and family. Sally felt under pressure, and struggled with university requirements. She perceives those

American Ideals Of Freedom And Liberty

American Ideals Of Freedom And Liberty In 1776, our country was founded on American ideals of freedom, liberty, and equality however, during this time in history; these principals were often bias to upper class white men. When the Declaration of Independence was first written, many Americans understood the notion of all men are created equal to truly mean that all white males were created equal. This was true with other civil rights guarantees also. The framers of our countrys Constitution were also considered to be the elite of their time. They were all white, wealthy, well educated land owners and did not adequately represent the diversity in our nation. Civil rights are defined as; a class of rights and freedoms that protect individuals from unwarranted government action and ensure ones ability to participate in the civil and political life of the state without discrimination or repression. Freedoms of speech, of the press, of religion, and of fair and equal treatment are the basic civil rights granted to each of us. The Bill of Rights that was added to our Constitution outlines the basic freedoms and liberties guaranteed to every citizen of the United States of America. The Bill of Rights, in black and white is the first ten amendments to the constitution; however sadly, women and African Americans were not granted the civil rights entitled to them. Civil rights issues began at our countries founding, and continues throughout history and today. Wars in general happen as a result of people or nations defending a terrority, protecting their interests and/or trying to achieve a moral purpose. The Civil War combined all of this rational, and ended up being the single bloodiest conflict in American history. The Civil War claimed the lives of over 600,000 Americans, all on American soil; which is more than in all other American wars combined with the exception of Vietnam. The Civil War began in 1838 as a result of disputes between the northern and southern states over slavery and taxation of cotton exports. The south wanted to keep slavery and felt it was necessary, so they started the war by seceding from the union. The North refused to let the Southern states break up the Union, thus the dispute led to the Civil War. The end result of the Civil War did free the slaves, however, the blacks did not gain any ground of status or respect among the states in either the north or south. White men continued to treat the African American population as property rather than people. Following the Civil War, slavery may have been abolished however not much changed for blacks. Blacks fought hard for freedoms; men still could not own property, vote, or go anywhere in public the white men were allowed. They suffered through hate, beatings, and small rations of food. They were treated no differently when they were supposed to be free. If a black man or woman did get the opportunity to work for pay at a white mans factory, he nor she would never get the same pay as a white man. They were working for the same company and doing the same job however, it wasnt considered to be right for a black man or woman to be earning the same amount as a white man or woman. Women were making small strides toward equality in the early 1800s; Oberlin College in 1833 was the first to accept women students and make their university a coed facility, the first National Female Anti-Slavery Society convention was held in 1837 with 81 female delegates, and in 1844 Female textile workers in Massachusetts organized the Lowell Female Labor Reform Association (LFLRA) and demand a 10 hour work day. The push for womens right to vote began in the mid 1800s when the proposed 15th amendment came to fruition. Some suffragists refused to endorse the amendment because women were not included; however, argued that once the black man was enfranchised, women too would achieve their goal, and gain voting rights. The National American Women Suffrage Association (NAWSA) was formed in 1890; the group organized marches and protests, and pressed the federal government for institutional changes, such as allowing married women to have property rights. The 15th amendment to the Constitution granted African American men the right to vote. This was a big step in the direction of equality. This amendment states that the right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude. Voting rights for African Americans was huge in the civil rights movement; however it proved not to be an easy task or necessarily wise choice for most blacks to do so. Discriminatory legal barriers were enacted to prevent them from actually having a say, once again forcing the African Americans to fight for what was suppose to be a freedom. Literary tests, poll taxes, the grandfather clause and white primaries were put in place as ways to discourage the black voters from excerising their civic duty. Literary tests were exams given to indivudials to determine if they were intelligent enough to vote. The vast majority of African Americans were not educated; therefore it was very difficult to prove they were literate enough to vote. The exams were administered by whites and bias toward whites. A test administer may ask a white person to spell a simple word such as God or boy, where a black person would be asked to spell a word like chrysanthemum or interpretation. When an African American got the word wrong, they were deemed illiterate and lost their privilege to vote. For those who did pass the literary tests, the government put in place poll taxes. Essentially this was a law forcing voters to pay a steep tax/fee in order to vote. If you were not able to pay the tax, your right to vote was revoked. Taxes were also cumulative; if you could not afford the tax at a particular election, the next time you tried to vote, you were required to pay that elections tax as well as all previou s unpaid taxes. African Americans were poor and most lost their voting privilege because of this. The Grandfather Clause was a law that waived electoral literacy requirements and poll taxes for those whose ancestors voted before the Civil War. This provided a loop hole for illiterate whites that could not pass the literary tests to be able to vote. It also prevented the blacks from voting as the majority of their ancestors were slaves and had no rights. The Democratic Party was the dominant party in the United States during this time and in most all elections their candidates were in office. To avoid allowing black voters to vote in the primarys, the democrats promoted their political party as a private organization. By doing this, they could control who voted in the primary and they could exclude anyone they wished. In most cases, who ever won the primary, and made it to the general election ticket would be voted into office; therefore the African American votes really didnt matter since the primary was determined by the whites. The Reconstruction period following the Civil War saw the beginnings of the Ku Klux Klan. This group was a white activist group and the first charter was founded in 1865. Their original purpose was to deny African Americans the same rights and opportunities as white people in the south. Klan members used violence, threats, and even murder of those blacks who attempted to become educated, to vote, to befriend whites or sought out better paying jobs. It was during this time the Klan began to wear white robes in an attempt of further intimidating blacks and to conceal their identity. In 1870 and 1871 the federal government was forced to step in and passed a series of acts, known as Enforcement Acts. They were put in place to protect the voting rights of blacks and to try and suppress the Ku Klux Klan. The Acts; outlawed actions intended to prevent blacks from voting, established rules to eliminate fraudulent registration practices, prevented intimidation of blacks by any illegal action, and gave the president the right to have the military step in when public safety was threatened. Civil rights have been a struggle America has faced since the founding of our country, and has been a violent and deadly battle for equality of our laws. All people are created equal, and all people bleed red. I believe that every citizen in America should have the same rights and privileges regardless of ethnic background or religion. A prerequisite of being a white, land owning well off male contradicts the very principals our nations was founded on. Reconstruction in the south was Americas first attempt at an interracial democracy. It completely reshaped life as was once known. Blacks were freed from slavery and for the first time looked upon as a person, not property. The United States government finally assumed responsibility for defining and protecting civil rights. Freedmen in the south were given an opportunity to vote; although it did not come with out risk and challenges. Black men were also granted the right to hold political office. The African American community was huge in the south, and with the help of white allies was able to temporally bring the Republican Party to power. Cumming, GA is considered to be a rural country town with little racial diversity or tolerance. Cumming benefited from the traffic of the gold rush in Dahlonega; however when gold was discovered in CA, and the tourists left, Cummings economy suffered. Even during the Civil War, Cumming was bypassed by Shermans Army and was basically a sleepy little town. There is a case from1912 when a white woman was raped by 3 black men in town. This outraged the citizens so much that Georgias governor was forced to send troops into the city to prevent a riot. The Ku Klux Klans Knight Riders campaigned for well over a month in an effort to force all African Americans out of not only Cumming, but all of Forsyth County. They were fairly successful and for many years the black population in the county was basically non existent. More recently in 1987, a small group of blacks marched through town in Cumming to celebrate Martin Luther Kings birthday. This infuriated the Klan and in protest, they threw g lass bottles and rocks at the group. This attack drew national attention and turned into the largest civil rights demonstrations since the 1960s. The results of this demonstration were positive as it was a turning point and marked favorable change. Today, the city is becoming more and more diverse and is growing rapidly.

Popper and Kuhn: Two Views of Science Essay example -- Science Scienti

Popper and Kuhn: Two Views of Science In this essay I attempt to answer the following two questions: What is Karl Popper’s view of science? Do I feel that Thomas Kuhn makes important points against it? The two articles that I make reference to are "Science: Conjectures and Refutations" by Karl Popper and "Logic of Discovery or Psychology of Research?" by Thomas Kuhn. In the article, "Science: Conjectures and Refutations", Karl Popper attempts to describe the criteria that a theory must meet for it to be considered scientific. He calls this puzzle the problem of demarcation. Popper summarizes his arguments by saying, "the criterion of the scientific status of a theory is its falsifiability, or refutability, or testability." Kuhn says that he and Popper often agree as to what constitutes science and non-science. He claims that he differs with Popper in the methods that he uses to arrive at his conclusions. Kuhn says that if a line of demarcation is to be sought between science and non-science, we shouldn’t look for a "sharp or decisive" one, because science is not objective, as Popper would have us believe, but subjective. Popper claims that the common answer to the problem of delineating between science and pseudo-science is that science uses an empirical method, deriving from observations and experiments. This explanation does not satisfy Popper. He has a gut feeling that areas of study like astrology are not science, and he attempts to come up with a theory to prove it. One of the problems I have with Popper is that instead of looking at a concrete problem and trying to come up with an explanation, Popper first made up his mind that astrology is not science, and then set out to prove it. By Popper’s own admissions, confirming evidence is everywhere, but means little. This could be applied all of Popper’s examples. Popper is "dissatisfied" with the Marxist theory of history, psychoanalysis, and individual psychology. He sets out to describe why his gut tells him that these are unscientific theories. He argues against theories that have explanatory power. Popper has a problem with Marxists because no matter what happens in the world, they can explain the event in light of their theory. When a person believes a theory to be true, everything that happens is a verification of the truthfulness of the theory. Popper’s example is how a Marxists can’t... ...ctly what it was besides an instinct that it was different from more traditional sciences like chemistry or physics. Why was he so determined to separate empirical science from pseudo-science? If I could talk to Popper, I would ask him, "why bother trying to draw a line at all?" It would be more fruitful to try and distinguish between what is or isn’t true and what is or isn’t significant. I have a tendency to lean towards Kuhn over Popper. It don’t think that Popper’s ideal of proper science is useful, and he seems to agree with me ("neither a problem of meaningfulness or significance, nor a problem of truth or acceptability.") Kuhn looks at how the world really works, a far more significant area of study. Popper thinks that he has all of the answers. I distrust people who think that they know everything. I agree with Socrates, who said something like, "The only true wisdom is knowing that you know nothing." Kuhn doesn’t make rules about how science should be done, he makes suggestions. Popper wants to draw a line down the middle between science and non-science. The more I look at the problem, the more it becomes obvious that the line is not sharp, if it can be drawn at all.

Universal Healthcare: The Pros and Cons

Universal Healthcare: The Pros and Cons On March 23, 2010 the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act was signed by President Obama, raising the question for many of whether this new law was going to be more helpful or hurtful. With universal healthcare, healthcare coverage would be increased tremendously, costs would be reduced, Jobs would be created, and consumers would be protected. Conversely, it will also raise taxes and wait times, lead to a smaller number of doctors, and infringe on some employers' 1st amendment rights.Presenting both arguments for and against the Patient Protection nd Affordable Care Act allows one to draw a conclusion on whether the new program will benefit or hinder the citizens of the United States. The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, or PPACA, will extend coverage to virtually every US citizen. It is estimated that approximately 45 million Americans are uninsured, and 45,000 of those citizens are dying each year simply because they do not h ave health care (Ireland). Once this new act takes effect, 32 of those 45 million citizens will receive coverage.Citizens whose ages range from 19 to 25 will be able to stay on their parent's insurance plans when normally they would have been forced ff the plan. Young adults who are not on their parent's insurance plans and who normally wouldn't be able to afford coverage will now be able to pay for their own health insurance. Currently, patients with pre-existing conditions can be denied coverage. However, with the PPACA, insurance companies will no longer be able to deny coverage or stop coverage when a member becomes ill.Women will also be granted additional coverage, such as receive access to women's health services, and these new benefits are also required to have no out of pocket fees. Also, the availability of contraception, such as abortion, will be expanded (â€Å"The Patient Protection†). The cost of health care will be greatly reduced by the PPACA, and this will ha ve a chain reaction on big businesses and employees. With almost 95 percent of citizens paying for health insurance, costs for health care will decrease (Poe).Once the cost for health care declines, it will cost less for big businesses to hire employees. It is estimated that 4 million Jobs will be created over the next 10 years. The PPACA also affects the economy in another way; it will reduce the national deficit. Contrary to popular belief, the passing of this law will reduce the national debt by 210 billion ollars within the next decade. If it were repealed, the national debt would be raised by $230 billion (Poe). The PPACA also offers various other benefits to citizens.Catherine Poe states that once the law is passed, there will be † no more Freddie the Freeloaders allowed†; if a citizen can afford health insurance and does not purchase it, he or she will pay a fee of one percent of his or her household income. This fee will increase to 2. 5 percent by 2017. This wil l prevent citizens from not paying for health insurance and Just continuing to live off of the tax dollars of other citizens who do pay for their health nsurance. Also, the PPACA will protect consumers from the overcharging by health insurance providers.It will torce the providers to spend 80 percent ot their income on rebates or expenses, such as health and marketing expenses (â€Å"Obamacare†). While the PPACA will benefit citizens greatly, it also has its negative side effects. As previously discussed, the PPACA will lower healthcare costs and the national debt, but it will also hurt the economy as well. The cost of drugs is expected to rise due to pharmaceutical companies paying an additional 84. 8 billion dollars over the next decade (â€Å"The Patient Protection†).Taxes will also be raised in order to cover the additional costs brought on by the new program. The additional taxes will be charged to individuals making over $200,000 and couples making over $250,000. Additionally, families will only be able to deduct medical costs that surpass 10 percent of their annual income, compared to the 7. 5 percent that is currently allowed. It was stated earlier in this paper that big businesses would benefit from this law; however, the exact opposite is true for small businesses.Businesses will be forced to provide healthcare for their employees or pay a fine, something they may not be able to fford. This may result in employees' hours being cut or even the termination of the employee (â€Å"Obamacare†). The PPACA will also have a direct negative impact on the medical field as a whole. By 2025 there is expected to be a shortage of nearly 52,000 physicians. This, coupled with the number of office visits increasing over 100 million times, will put incredible strain on the healthcare system (â€Å"The Patient Protection†).This will cause wait times for medical treatment to be greatly increased. Patients will be more likely to go to the emer gency room for minor treatments, such as coughs due to colds, thus causing atients with real emergencies to wait even longer. Also, there will be no competition for patients. This competition is what encourages health care workers to excel in their specialties and to become better. This may even cause fewer people to choose to pursue a career in the medical profession (Ireland).One of the more controversial arguments against universal healthcare is the effect it will have on known religious-based businesses. As stated earlier, with the PPACA businesses will be required to provide health insurance for their employees that would include contraceptive services for women. The result is that religious based businesses, such as Hobby Lobby, which is owned by evangelical Christians, will be forced to essentially pay for their employees to receive contraceptives, something that goes against their religion.If a business decides to follow its religious beliefs and not provide the health insur ance it will be issued a fine, thus hurting the business for practicing their religion. This has led the government to define what religion is and what qualifies a business as a religious employer. This aspect of the PPACA goes against the 1st amendment protection of the freedom of religion, herefore making it unconstitutional (â€Å"A Case†). Weighing both sides of the universal healthcare argument, it can be concluded that the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act is truly more hurtful than it is helpful.It will cost citizens greatly, through increased tax dollars and being forced to pay for their healthcare. Small businesses contribute immensely to the countrys economy, and they will be hurt significantly by this program. Also, the effects it will have on the healthcare system are immeasurable. There is already a considerable shortage of doctors, and this will only increase remarkably once the PPACA takes tect Lack ot competition within the medical protession is somet hing that cannot be overlooked either.

How Hip Hop Music Has Influenced this Generation of Youth

How Hip Hop Music Has Influenced this Generation of Youth Introduction Hip hop is a genre of music that has its origin in South Bronx in New York among the urban communities. It started as block parties where people with incredibly loud and sophisticated music systems would throw parties in the neighborhood to share with their friends and compete among themselves (Parker, 2009, p.1).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on How Hip Hop Music Has Influenced this Generation of Youth specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The music involves high speed raping, break dancing among other vigorous activities and movements. It is today crowned the fastest growing music genre worldwide. Hip hop music has had a major influence on the lives of many youths in the society today. This music genre has both positive and negative effects to the youths and the general public as a whole. Impacts of Hip hop on Youths Hip hop is well known for its vulgar language in its lyrics. The words used have ma y have a different perspective from the real meaning as the singer or artiste uses a word to bring out a different meaning. For instance, many hip hop singers use the word â€Å"bitch† to mean a woman whereas we all know that the word is abusive. The youths then take the vulgarly terms and use them as the artistes do. According to them they think it is fun but to the public it is seen as moral degradation. Hip hop music is also said to perpetuate the rise in criminal activities among the youth. Taking a look at a hip hop music clip you will bear me evidence that there are violent scenes involved. Such scenes range from robberies, demonstration on fights. When the youth watch let us say a scene involving bank robbery their minds are tempted to use the tactics involved in the music and put it into reality. This has lured so many youth into criminal life where they plan and implement their activities in reference to the crime in the hip hop music (Parker, 2009, p.1). Taking a lo ok at most convicted youth criminals you will discover that larger percentages are diehard fans of this genre of music. Not only are the lovers of hip hop music but also the artistes themselves some have criminal record. Not forgetting looking at statistics it is evident that in many night clubs where hip hop is played they are areas prone to violence.Advertising Looking for research paper on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Majority of hip hop artistes have a similar dress code among them that is considered indecent by the society (Murray, 2003, p.1). For example you may see male artistes performing bear chest with trousers worn way down below the waist. The following day it is quite obvious that you will see a youth exactly dresses as the artiste or even worse than the role model. This trend has led to many youth having an unspeakably dress code that is morally unfit for the society. In trying to emu late the artistes dressing and behavior the youth find themselves going against the society’s code of conduct. However, the music helped create political awareness among the youth. Most hip hop songs major on issues such as racism, gender, elections and so on. In these instances the youth with a passion for hip hop get to hear about matters of politics and learn of their impact to the society (Reese, 2000. P.1). for example in Obama’s bid for presidency in the USA several songs were sung in his favor to promote his political ambition. Hip hop also helps to keep the youth updated about the countries past history. The artistes use matters of older generations to pass it on to the current youth thereby acquainting them with relevant history. Conclusion Having looked at the positive and negative effects it is evident that negative effects outweigh the positive impacts. It is therefore recommendable for the youth to shun away from the vice brought about by hip hop music. Th e hip hop artistes also have a role of ensuring that their songs have a positive impact to the society rather than a negative one. Reference List Murray, M. (2003). How Does Hip-Hop Culture Effect Urban Youth in Healthy Decision Making? Web.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on How Hip Hop Music Has Influenced this Generation of Youth specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Parker, M. (2009). The Effect of Hip Hop Music on Teens. Web. Reese, R. (2000). The Hip Hop culture and ethnic relations. Web.

Herbert Spencers Educational Theories Essay

Herbert Spencers Educational Theories Essay Free Online Research Papers Herbert Spencers Educational Theories Essay Herbert Spencer’s theories on education have had a profound effect on contemporary pedagogy and curriculum design. His advocacy of individualism and a highly competitive ethic amongst students and schools plays an important role in education today, e.g. standardized testing and the competitive SAT examinations in the US. Spencer’s pragmatic approach to curriculum design, where the time, money and energy spent towards teaching a particular subject are weighed against the rewards derived from its study have also had a strong influence on modern day curricula. And perhaps most interestingly, his supposedly anachronistic theory of social Darwinism is often implicitly applied by policy makers who want to [“hold schools and students accountable”, with monetary awards and sanctions distributed according to schools that make progress or backslide]. In recent years one of the most contentious educational debates has been the one between social promotion vs. grade retention. If Herbert Spencer were alive today he would undoubtedly advocate the latter over the former, but I wonder if his competitive model of education addresses all of the variables that determine student achievement. His notion that the most academically fit students are the only ones deserving of grade promotion overlooks many important discoveries in the emotional and intellectual development of children and teens. The fact that all children do not mature on the same time scale is an example of one of his potential oversights. Educational policies that stress high stakes testing, especially in the elementary and middle school grades, clearly ignore the wide range of emotional and intellectual maturity that students in these grades fall into. For example, early to mid adolescent females typically outperform their male counterparts when it comes to reading and writing but by late adolescence, both genders show similar performance in these areas. With differences like this in mind, it is likely that rigorous testing of young adolescents and educational streaming based on these exam results will undoubtedly place as many high achievers in remedial level courses as it will put low achievers in accelerated courses. In her paper on the debate over social promotion versus grade retention, Anne Wheelock addresses another important consideration which Spencer’s Darwinist view on the subject would likely fail to properly consider and that is the correlation between poverty and grade retention. According to the National Educational Longitudinal Survey of 1988, approximately one fifth of all eighth graders had been held back at least once and amongst those, 33% came from low-income families. Zealous advocates of social Darwinism might argue that those figures support the evolutionary basis of their theory, i.e. poor students account for the majority of grade repeaters because their parents were also low achievers, who consequently could not secure well paying jobs. What social Darwinism fails to address here is the extra set of challenges that only poorer students must overcome if they want to succeed academically. One of the main assumptions of Darwin’s theory of evolution is that each indivi dual is born into the same environment. Human society is highly stratified and as such cannot be modeled by Darwin’s theory. Wheelock also notes that many students who are held back often become “bored with their schooling [and] the threat of withholding a diploma rarely stimulates them to engage in school.” Many of these students ultimately develop the belief that school is not for me and drop out. In these cases learning no longer becomes competitive at all. One of the most obvious influences of Spencer’s theory on education is the idea of grading students on a bell curve. This system of grading assumes that intelligence is distributed amongst students according to a bell shaped curve, i.e. the number of A students equals the number of F students, the number of B students equals the number of D students and the remainder of students work at a C level. When educators evaluate students according to this model, students compete with each other for grades. Although some might argue that this competition motivates students to work harder others note that it often fails to asses students on their mastery of the material being studied since some students will always fail and some others will always get A’s. A criterion based approach to grading is clearly superior because it assesses students in terms of their mastery of class material. References: Johnson, W. L., Johnson, A. M. (2000) “The Theory of Evolution: An Educational Perspective” U of British Columbia Library, 26 November 2005 Wheelock, A. “Social Promotion Grade Retention” Retrieved 26 November 2005 Research Papers on Herbert Spencer's Educational Theories EssayStandardized TestingInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyResearch Process Part OneThree Concepts of PsychodynamicEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenHip-Hop is ArtThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UsePETSTEL analysis of India

PUBLIC HEALTH POLICY ANALYSIS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

PUBLIC HEALTH POLICY ANALYSIS - Essay Example California should seek corporation from the national government and other counties in developing laws on global warming, consider possible unemployment due to the law, and incorporate health professionals in refining the bill. The legislature, as an arm of the government, makes laws that govern a jurisdiction and that may be specific to a sector, such as the health sector, or may affect multiple sectors. An understanding of contents, possible intended and unintended effects, stakeholders, and divergent views over a proposed law is important to life of a bill or a law. Below is a discussion of California Assembly Bill 21, based on these aspects. The bill associates global warming with public health concerns. It recognizes direct effects of global warming such as poor quality of air, reduced quality, and quantity of supplied water, and rise in sea level and these have caused health problems such as infectious and respiratory diseases. Consequences of global warming, such as damaged marine system and threat to biodiversity, also contribute to incidence of infectious and respiratory infections (California AB. 21, 2014). About 881500 children and more than two million adults in California suffers from asthma per year and ragweed that affects 9 counties and high smog levels that affect 31 counties are factors. Ninety percent of the state’s population also lives under polluted air. Air pollution due to wildfires, a factor to the respiratory condition, is also significant and is expected to rise by more than 50 percent. Incidences of Dengue Fever (35 between the year 1995 and the year 2005), West Nile virus (2982 cases betw een the years 1999 and 2010), and Lyme disease (2370 cases between the years 1990 and 2008) have been reported in the state. There is high risk of water shortage in 83 percent of California and dry condition has increased chances of wildfire. High sea level that have led to sewer

Immigration Reform Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Immigration Reform - Essay Example That is why the current government has come up with proposals to enhance legal migration along the borders. This paper outlines the issues regarding illegal migration across the border of US, alternative plans to account for the undocumented immigrants and proposals on the importance of immigrants. It also proposes the impact of legal migration to the economy of US and betterment of the future. Immigration reform in the US is a proposal that is aimed at increasing the number legal immigrations into the country. For example, the guest worker reform that was supported by President George Bush aimed at ensuring the number of guests who come to work in the US are registered in the country. However, the issue of illegal immigration is a controversial one since the government is unable to handle all the cases of illegal immigrations in the country. The people who support immigration reform stipulate that illegal immigrants into the country cost the US taxpayers approximately $338.3 billion. This issue has been associated with weaken law enforcement in the country thus putting safety of government officials and the citizens of the US in jeopardy. For instance, in 2001, President George W. Bush and the former president of Mexico Vicente Fox wanted to pass an immigration policy whose aim was to benefit the Mexican emigrants in the US (United States Congress b 32). The immigration r eform and Control Act of 1986 stipulates that it is illegal for employers to hire illegal immigrants in the country. However, there was a non-immigrant visa system which allowed the lesser-skilled employees to work in the US. However, since the year 2006 amnesty, the US was said to have approximately 12 million immigrants who were not documented. The number of undocumented immigrants was estimated to make up to 5 percent of the workforce in the US. Moreover, it was also revealed that about 70 percent of the undocumented immigrants had

The current climate of financial constraints will have a dramatic Essay

The current climate of financial constraints will have a dramatic impact on investigating crime Examine this assertion - Essay Example The recession has affected every segment of society especially the working class. When people are without work for a prolonged period of time, even honest citizens sometimes turn to crime to pay their bills mostly in urban areas. In such situations, the resources of the crime prevention agencies are usually focused on serious or violent crimes, and they usually ignore lesser offences such as burglaries due the scarcity of manpower and other resources such as cars for patrolling, or even clerical personnel for filing in report or preparing the paperwork to present the cases for court proceedings. In the absence of police personnel on the streets, minor arguments may escalate to shootouts or stabbings because the presence of police usually acts as a deterrent and prevents the situation from escalating. Other crimes such as auto thefts, shoplifting, provoked and aggravated assault, property crime, gang wars, murders, domestic battery, aggravated burglary, fraud, rape and kidnapping all are on the increase due to the cutbacks in police budgets. Besides having an adequate number of personnel, other things that are essential for effective policing are vehicles, monitoring and tracking equipment (Moro, 2012). Computer systems for maintaining records and other paperwork. Funds are also needed to hire additional civilian personnel on a temporary basis or to pay off informants who are an essential part of any police network. The police department needs forensics laboratories, equipment and chemicals and qualified staff to man these laboratories. Then too offenders who are apprehended need facilities such as beds in the lock ups and prisons, before they are released on bail, or if they are not released on bail they do require other facilities such as food, medicine and police personnel for keeping a watch over these prisoners so that they do not riot and kill each

How Ruth Portrays Herself From Never Let Me Go Essay Example for Free

How Ruth Portrays Herself From Never Let Me Go Essay In the novel Never Let Me Go by Kazuo Ishiguro Ruth wants to portray her as being better than other clones. Ruth portrays herself in this matter because she does not want to be a typical clone. This is because a clones’ only purpose is to donate organs. For example in the text it states â€Å"what you’ve got to realize,† she said to Chrissie, â€Å"is that even though Tommy was at Hailsham he isn’t like a real Hailsham student. He was left out of everything and people were always laughing at him. So there’s no point in asking him about anything like this† (Page 155). With this quote one can see that Ruth is trying to down grade Tommy and make her seem special by inferring that she is qualified for deferrals and Tommy is not. Also in the novel Never Let Me Go by Kazuo Ishiguro it states â€Å"For the first weeks after we arrived, she made a big deal of it, always putting her arm around Tommy, sometimes snagging him in the corner of a room while other people were still about† (Page 120). With this quote one can see that Ruth is trying to make herself feel superior because she is in a couple and the others are not. Another example that’s Ruth wants to better then other clones is in the novel when if states â€Å"She was the one always pretending to have finished anything anyone happened to be reading; and she was the only one with this notion that the way to demonstrate your superior reading was to go around telling people the plots of novels they were in the middle of† (Page 123). With this quote one can see the effort Ruth puts in to try to be better than the other clones by reading books before everyone else to be able to rub in their faces that she knows the plot already. Also in the text it states â€Å"Ruth came a step closer.†My best horse,† she said,† is thunder. I can’t let you ride on him. He’s much too dangerous. But you can ride Bramble, as long as you don’t use your crop on him† (Page 46). With this quote one can see that Ruth is trying to be special by stating that only she  can ride the best house and Kathy cannot. Last but not least in the novel Ruth states â€Å"I know how it worried you,† she said. â€Å"I should have told you, I should have said how it was the same for me too. Just the way you described it. You realise all of this I know. But you didn’t back then, and I should have said. I should have told you how ever though I was with Tommy I couldn’t resist doing it with other people sometimes† (Page 231-232) with this quote one can see that Ruth is confessing that she was trying to be better than Kathy because Kathy once told Ruth that she had desires about sex and Ruth acted as though Kathy was weird because she never had feeling such as the ones Kathy described. With these quotes from the passage it is clear that Ruth wants to portray herself as special among other clones.

A Report On Mahabalipuram

A Report On Mahabalipuram Mahabalipuram Since times immemorial, Mahabalipuram has been always been a city whose fame has spread far and wide as being a seat of religion, learning and an important port in the ancient world. Mahabalipuram is located in the Kanchipuram district of Tamil Nadu and is home to several architectural monuments built between the 7th and the 9th century. Significance Mahabalipuram was at the height of its splendour and glory during the reign of Narasimhavaram and Rajsimhavaram who played an important role in building the many magnificient temples in the city as Mahabalipuram was the second capital of the Pallava kings. Legend has it that Mahabalipuram was created when Lord Vishnu killed the cruel Mahabali after a fierce battle. Formerly known as Mamallapuram, the city was renamed to its present name during the reign of Narasimhavarman 1. Attractions The Shore Temple: The shore temple at Mahabalipuram is a world heritage site as classified by UNESCO and is believed to be the only existing temple amongst the seven shore temples that were originally constructed. Constructed during the 7th century by Narasimha Varman, the temple bears exquisite designs and carvings and is supposed to be the forerunner of Dravidian architecture. Visitors to the temple are greeted by delicately carved dwar palaks, who are said to stand in guard of the deity inside. Arjunas Penance: This is a rock structure carved to resemble a whale and was built by Raja Narasimha the first. The either sides of this rock are engraved with exquisite carvings of Gods from the Hindu pantheon, birds, beasts and these figures are carved in such a way that gives an effect of a hurry to see the miracle about to happen. Krishna Mandapam: This is one of the largest mandapams and is dedicated to Lord Krishna, the mentor and guide of the Pandavas. The inside of this mandapam is decorated with carvings that depict incidents from Lord Krishnas life. Varaha Mandapam: The Varaha Mandapam lies beside the Arjuna penance and is dedicated to Lord Vishnus Varaha incarnation. The northern wall portrays Lord Vishnu standing on one foot atop Naga, the snake king attempting to rescue Prithvi, the Goddess of earth. The entrance to this mandapam has two pillars engraved with two horned lions that stand guard at the door of the mandapam. How to Reach In addition to being a religious centre, Mahabalipuram is also a wanderers delight for the open air museum style sights the city offers. Mahabalipuram is well connected to other cities in India. The Chennai airport is located 60 km from Mahabalipuram. The nearest railhead is Chengalpattu, about 29 km from Mahabalipuram and the city is also well connected by road to Chennai, Kanchipuram and Pondicherry.

English Term paper -- essays research papers

1984 is a novel of great influence. The novel illustrates many concepts of life in the future through the knowledge of the past. The descriptive theories within the novel are familiar in basic context when we look into the society of today. The author George Orwell has projected an image of the future through the knowledge of his lifetime, which is not far off reality. The novel talks about the social movement to a world of unbearable proportions, which takes the idea of security to the limit. A feeling of helplessness is bestowed upon the people as the government scrutinizes their every move. The government has created a society of fear, and people automatically fall into line for they cannot escape the eyes of Big Brother who is watching them. Many of the major concepts outlined in detail in the novel are applicable to life in the twenty-first century. The author has defined concepts for several areas, which he perceived the world would progress towards. Orwell’s prophecies as illustrated in the novel 1984 are fulfilled in today’s society. One of the major prophecies that Orwell outlines in his novel is the idea of the telescreen which can watch anyone at any time this is a reality in today’s society. One of the major connections that Orwell makes about the telescreen of 1984 and today’s society is that you could spy on people. The telescreen might be the most closely compared to microphones and cameras, but there are also many other devices that can be easily used for spying. Within the area of the telescreen anyone could be watched as well as heard, which closely links to the surveillance of today, except people are a little more naive. â€Å"Any sound that Winston made, above the level of a very low whisper, would be picked up by it; moreover, so as long as he remained within the field of vision which the metal plaque commanded, he could be seen as well as heard. There was of course no way of knowing whether you were being watched at any given moment.†(Orwell, 6) The notion that â€Å"Big broth er is watching you† from the novel is not that far off. In fact cameras are being installed all over the place for security reasons, but you do not know who is watching you and what kind of personal information you are giving away. â€Å"No matter how far our contemporary world may seem to 1984’s Oceania, any suggestion of government surveillance of its citizens--from the thre... ...clearly outlines several theories of his within the novel, which have come true in modern day. George Orwell’s first prophecy is about a piece of technology, which we can quite easily relate to modern day because it is quite like a television or a communication device such as a camera or microphone. This was important since it was one of the main ideas of his novel, relating to spying, and it has become quite prominent within our society as well as in the novel. Next the author outlines the type of government, which is quite overpowering, which again in co-ordinance with the telescreen presents one of the main ideas in the plot of the novel and is quite emphasized. The type of governance described is in effect in some countries around the world today. Finally the author has described in detail the use of a new language that has become useful for brainwashing, and government propaganda. This language can be related to today as we have created a new language of our own for s pecial purposes and there are places that deal with a double languages, just as in the novel. The concepts that this novel introduces are so realistic that it has influenced many around the world for many years.