Postcolonial Historian Matthew Frye Jacobson In Whiteness

Postcolonial historian Matthew Frye Jacobson in Whiteness of a Different Color: European Immigrants and the Alchemy of Race traces the â€Å"racial odyssey† of immigrants from Eastern and Southern Europe who were at ï ¬ rst regarded as racial other, and then relegated to the status between black and white, and finally inclusive as Caucasian white. These in-between groups were classiï ¬ ed as â€Å"Hebrews,† â€Å"Celts,† â€Å"Mediterraneans,† â€Å"Iberics,† â€Å"Slavs,† â€Å"Teutons,† and the like in nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Jacobson analyses the contest over the definition, boundaries, internal hierarchies, and identities of inclusion into the white races, and the eventual Caucasian by the mid twentieth century. Caucasian identity united all European origin†¦show more content†¦7). During this period, the population of European origin was homogeneous, while the population of color combination was star kest. Jacobson explains that the 1790 law codified the assumptions of white privilege dating from the seventeenth century colonial charters, statutory law, and the Articles of Confederation. The idea of citizenship was weaved with whiteness and maleness before the Revolution, because citizen was someone who could help put down a slave rebellion or participate in Indian wars (p. 25). The only chattel slaves were of African descent, the only savages were the indigenous peoples, and most of the rest were British descended Christians. The 1790 law set a mandating precedent that even the â€Å"uncivilized† immigrants from Europe could automatically be regarded as whites, in contrast to the Indians and black slaves. Jacobson claims that the second phase of American nativism history from the 1840s to 1924 is mainly the history of a fundamental revision of whiteness (p. 68). The unitary concept of whiteness was shattered by the arrival of the â€Å"Celts† during the mid-nineteenth century, and of â€Å"Hebrews,† â€Å"Italians,† â€Å"Slavs,† and others at the end of the century. Large numbers of Catholic German and Irish famine peasants raised the questions about white entitlement and the capacities for republican citizenship of newly immigrants who were attaining citizenship as white people. To maintain the privilege of whiteness, AngloShow MoreRelatedOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pagesliberation of women and colonized peoples more generally, are analyzed in considerable detail in John Morrow’s wide-ranging essay on the causes, experience, and impact of mechanized warfare in the twentieth century. Departing from a tendency among historians to specialize in one or the other of what have been viewed as very different wars, Morrow not only compares the two conflicts in detail, but also approaches each war and its linkages from a thoroughly global perspective. This combination of

Social Psychology Counterfactual Thinking - 1216 Words

Introduction Regret is classified as a negative feeling. As a general perception people who have regrets are considered to be sorry for any of their actions. However, it should be noted that regret is a different emotion that guilt. Just like many other people, I also have many regrets in life. Some of them are not very important, while the others are significant to me as they continue to affect my life in a negative way. In this paper I shall discuss three of my major regrets in life in context with the counterfactual thinking in social psychology. Counterfactual thinking The literal meaning of counterfactual thinking is the thought process that is contrary to the facts. When a person tries to change the antecedent that actually happened and then analyzes a situation that could have resulted with the changed antecedents, he begins to think how the situation could have turned out to be different than what it is now. For example, when a person survives a road traffic accident, he begins to think how he could have prevented the accident from taking place. He starts to think that if he was not over speeding then he might have not gotten into accident. This is the imagination of a counterfactual situation. Studies have suggested that counterfactual thoughts have the potential to produce negative feelings; nonetheless in rare instances they also produce some beneficial and functional effects (Roese, 1997). When people start having counterfactual thoughts, they also startShow MoreRelatedCounterfactual Thinking and Experiences of Regret1732 Words   |  7 PagesCounterfactual thinking and experiences of regret Introduction Counterfactual thinking is the cognitive process in which individuals can simulate alternative realities, to think about how things could have turned out differently, with statements such as ‘what if’ and ‘if only’. Counterfactuals can be either upward, in which alternative realities are improved, or downward, in which alternative realities are worsened. Reflecting on previous outcomes can make individuals experience regret and thisRead MoreEvaluating Causation When Confronted With Unfavorable Outcomes1743 Words   |  7 Pagesoften dwell on â€Å"what might have been† and wonder about the possible results of having made an alternative choice; we call this process counterfactual thinking (Sanna Chang, 2006). This paper aims to examine how this type of thinking can affect the ways in which we process causation when confronted with unfavorable outcomes. In order to gauge how counterfactual thinking can be affected, we will focus on the factors of gen der and mutability of a situation. According to Epstude and Roese (2008), whenRead MoreCounterfactual Thinking and Its Effects on Well-Being, Satisfaction, and Self –Efficacy2094 Words   |  9 PagesAbstract Studies are examined in relation to counterfactual thinking and how it can ultimately have effects on various self-perceptions and emotions. Satisfaction among students and their grades have been linked with counterfactual thinking (consideration of might-have-been alternatives to reality). Movement of direction is also considered, specifically when considering rape victims and their thoughts of what they could have done to prevent the outcome, presumably leading to self-blame. Self-EfficacyRead MoreEssay about Social-Psychological Principles of the Movie Unforgiven1333 Words   |  6 PagesSocial-Psychological Principles of the Movie Unforgiven Florida Institute of Technology Most movies have different social-psychological principles, however most people are watching movies to be entertained, and not to psychologically analyze them. There are many different principles that would be applicable to the film we are discussing however, I have chosen to analyze three scenes discussing altruism, self-fulfilling prophecy, and counterfactual thinking. Please review the following scenesRead MoreSocial Psychology As A Whole1509 Words   |  7 PagesThis artwork took a lot of thought and I wanted to demonstrate more than just a topic, but rather Social Psychology as a whole. The piece has three aspects, there is a person to the left hand side at a closer look to represent a person as an individual, the mirror with the main person’s reflection on how the individual views themselves and how others would see the main person, then groups of people to the right of the image. This is broken down into groups that the main person associates with, theRead MoreTo Wha t Extent Does Language Influence Thought? Essay2740 Words   |  11 Pagesof Time in English and Mandarin Research by Lera Boroditsky (2001) posed many interesting questions regarding linguistic diversity and the resultant interplay between language and thought: whether linguistic diversity stimulates different ways of thinking, whether learning new languages changes the way one thinks, whether bilingual and multilingual people think differently when speaking different languages. Clark (2003) maintains that although language does not indicate a complete map of consciousnessRead MoreRelationship Between Attributional Style, Information Valence, Likability, And Need For Cognitive Closure1215 Words   |  5 Pagesbetter: Dispositional optimism and pessimism and counterfactual thinking.  Personality Individual Differences,  86, 122-125. Collins, N.L., Miller, L.C. (1994). Self-disclosure and liking: A meta-analytic review. Psychological Bulletin, 116(3), 457-475. Goodmon, L. B., Kelly, C., Mauldin, M., Young, K. (2015). Jumping to negative impressions: The relationship between pessimism, information valence, and likability.  North American Journal of Psychology,  17(3), 485-508. Hargie, O. (2006). The handbookRead MorePysch Exam Chapter 811814 Words   |  48 PagesClark, who examines how people encode information from the environment d. All three scientists could be considered cognitive psychologists Answer: d; Moderate 5. According to your text, the cognitive approach became the most important school of psychology in the ____. a. 1940s b. 1950s c. 1960s d. 1970s Answer: c; Moderate 6. Which of these statements does NOT accurately identify a general difference between computers and the human brain? a. Computers process information in a parallel fashionRead MoreAn Examination of How Training and Development Initiatives in an Organization Can Impact on Employees’ Performance and Work Morale1851 Words   |  8 PagesJ.A., LePine, J.A., and Noe, R.A. (2000), ‘Toward an Integrative Theory of Training Motivation: A Meta-Analytic Path Analysis of 20 Years of Research.’ Journal of Applied Psychology, 85(5), 678–707. 5. Epstude, K., amp; Roese, N. J. (2008). The Functional Theory of Counterfactual Thinking. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 12, 168–192. 6. Fischer, G.W., and Nunn, N.P. (1992). ‘Nonmonetary Incentives: It Can be Done.’ Journal of Management in Engineering, 8(1), 40–52. 7. MihiotisRead MoreAnalysis Of Sapir Whorf And Benjamin Lee Whorf1867 Words   |  8 Pageslinguistic relativism. This is the belief that the language which we speak directly influences how we comprehend the world around us. Sapir (1949) writes of his belief that Human beings do not live in the objective world alone, nor alone in the world of social activity as ordinarily understood, but are very much at the mercy of the particular language which has become the medium of expression for their society. It is quite an illusion to imagine that one adjusts to reality essentially without the use of

Succubus Dreams CHAPTER 9 Free Essays

string(39) " thoughts spinning ahead to next week\." â€Å"I don’t understand this,† said Seth good-naturedly. â€Å"I catch you stripping in front of other men, yet I’m the one who gets punished.† Clasping his hand, I led him onto the ice skating rink. We will write a custom essay sample on Succubus Dreams CHAPTER 9 or any similar topic only for you Order Now Just like with dancing, I glided with practiced ease. Seth’s movements were jerky and uncertain. Without my hand, I suspected he would have fallen already. â€Å"This is good for you, Mortensen. You sit at a desk – or table or whatever – all day. This’ll get your muscles working again. Get the old blood pumping.† His teasing smile turned into a grimace, his hold on my hand turning into a death grip. â€Å"There are a hundred other ways I could do that.† â€Å"But none as fun,† I assured him. Seth was brilliant and funny, but coordinated he was not. During the early days of our acquaintance, I’d tried to teach him to dance. It had been grueling. After a very long time, he’d learned the basic steps, but the process had never been easy – or, I suspected, enjoyable – for him. I’d let him off easy since then, only making him go out dancing once. He’d grown complacent now, which was why I felt this experience would be so good for him. â€Å"Men were not meant to wear blades on their feet,† he told me as we trudged further toward the rink’s center. We were outdoors, at a small park, and our breathing made frosty clouds in the air. â€Å"Women weren’t meant wear to stilettos,† I told him. â€Å"But you don’t hear me bitching about it.† â€Å"That’s different. They do great things for your legs. This? This just makes me look stupid.† â€Å"Well, then,† I said. â€Å"You better learn. Time to take off the training wheels.† I released his hand. â€Å"Hey! What the – â€Å" But I was gone, slipping away from his grasp with a laugh. He stood there frozen while I skated away, circling the rink in graceful loops and figure eights. After a few rounds, I skated back up to him, finishing with a neat pirouette. He hadn’t moved from the spot where I’d left him, but he no longer appeared annoyed. â€Å"Look at you,† he said, touching my face. â€Å"Rosy cheeks. Snowflakes in your hair. You’re the Snow Queen.† â€Å"God, I hope not. That’s a depressing story. Hans Christian Andersen had issues.† â€Å"All writers have issues,† he assured me. I laughed and took his arm, leading him around in more awkward skating. My legs and feet protested the slow movement, but the rest of me was happy to have quality time with Seth. â€Å"Speaking of writers with issues,† I said. â€Å"How can I get in trouble for stripping in front of other men when you have a date with another woman?† If not for the fact he would have fallen over, I suspect Seth would have elbowed me. â€Å"That’s your own fault,† he said. â€Å"You made me do it, so don’t get all jealous now.† â€Å"I’m not jealous – but I think Maddie does have a crush on you.† â€Å"Unlikely. It’s probably just author worship.† He gave me a pointed look. â€Å"Like some people I know. If anything, she’s got a crush on you.† â€Å"Oh, for God’s sake, stop with the lesbian fantasy thing.† â€Å"Nah, nothing like that. She just idolizes you, that’s all. You’re chipping away at that insecure exterior of hers, and I think she’s starting to really see how much she’s capable of. You’re sort of setting the example.† I hadn’t considered that. â€Å"Really?† â€Å"Yup. Keep training her up, and we’ll have a mini-Georgina on our hands.† Seth chuckled as we made a painstakingly slow turn. â€Å"Between her, that new succubus, and my nieces, you should start a Ladies Finishing School. How can you be such a good influence and have such a†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"Demeaning job?† I supplied. â€Å"Something like that. Of course, I suppose it could be worse.† I gave him a sidelong glance. â€Å"Could it?† â€Å"Yeah, you could, like, sell Amway or be trying to get me to move large amounts of money out of Nigeria.† â€Å"Definite deal breakers in any relationship,† I said solemnly. He looked over at me, rather brave considering the intense attention he’d been giving his feet. Under the rink’s soft lights, his expression was tender. His lips curled into a small, fond smile, and his eyes shone with an affection that almost made me go weak in the knees. Maybe it was a trick to get me to fumble my skating. It nearly worked. â€Å"For you?† he said, coming to a stop. â€Å"It might be worth it.† â€Å"Worth cleaning out your bank account?† â€Å"Yes.† â€Å"Worth being part of a pyramid scheme?† â€Å"They say they don’t do that anymore.† â€Å"What if they’re lying?† â€Å"Thetis,† he said with a sigh. â€Å"I’m going to say something to you I’ve never said before.† â€Å"What is it?† â€Å"Be quiet.† And then he leaned down and kissed me, bringing warmth to my cold lips. Nearby, I heard children giggle at us, but I didn’t care. I felt the kiss down to my toes. It was brief, like always, but when Seth pulled away, my whole body was filled with heat. Every nerve in me tingled, alive and wonderful. I barely noticed the chilly temperature or the way our breathing formed frosty clouds in the air. He laced his fingers through mine and lifted my hand to his lips. I had gloves on, but he kissed exactly where I wore his ring. â€Å"Why are you so sweet?† I asked, my voice small. My heart beat rapidly, and every star peeping through the clouds seemed to be shining just for me. â€Å"I don’t think I’m that sweet. I mean, I just told you to be quiet. That’s one step away from asking you to wash my laundry and make me a sandwich.† â€Å"You know what I mean.† Seth pressed another kiss to my forehead. â€Å"I’m sweet because you make it easy to be sweet.† We linked arms again and continued our circuit. I had a sappy urge to rest my head against his shoulder but figured that might be asking too much of his coordination. â€Å"What do you want for Christmas?† I asked, my thoughts spinning ahead to next week. You read "Succubus Dreams CHAPTER 9" in category "Essay examples" â€Å"I don’t know. There’s nothing I need.† â€Å"Oh no,† I teased. â€Å"You aren’t one of those, are you? One of those people who are impossible to shop – â€Å" One of Seth’s feet slipped out from under him. I managed to stay upright, but he went down, his legs crumpling underneath him. â€Å"Oh my God,† I said, kneeling down. â€Å"Are you okay?† â€Å"I think so,† he said. The tight set of his lips informed me things were a bit more painful than he was letting on. Putting my arm around his hip, I helped him up. The leg he’d fallen on started to buckle, but he managed to keep it steady in the end. â€Å"Come on,† I said, steering him toward the gate. â€Å"We should go.† â€Å"We just got here.† â€Å"Oh, suddenly you’re a fan, Scott Hamilton?† â€Å"Nope, but you are. It was just a fall.† Maybe it had been just a fall, but the thought of Seth getting hurt had made my heart seize up. â€Å"No, no. Let’s go. I’m hungry.† The expression on his face informed me that he knew I wasn’t that hungry, but he didn’t fight me anymore. When we’d shed our skates for normal shoes, I was pleased to see he didn’t walk with a limp or anything. That would have really been too much: him getting hurt and having it be my fault. â€Å"I’m not made of glass,† he told me as we drove to dinner. He was remarkably good at guessing my thoughts. â€Å"You don’t have to protect me.† â€Å"It’s instinct,† I said, lightly. But in my mind, I recalled the grim conversation he’d had with Erik. They were mortal. They could get hurt. They could die. It was something I’d witnessed over and over throughout the centuries. Each time I grew close to a new mortal, I’d try to pretend that it wouldn’t happen to him or her. But it always did, and eventually that cold reality would hit me, no matter how hard I tried to push it aside. In fact, that knowledge consumed me for the rest of my night with Seth. I knew it was stupid to make such a big deal out of one fall, but I’d seen too many small things lead to disaster in my life. Lying in bed beside him later on, I found myself thinking back to a series of events that had also started small and ended in tragedy. Several centuries ago, I lived in a small town in southern England. I’d called myself Cecily then and worn a body with flaming red hair and big, man-eating eyes the color of sapphires. Funny thing about the Middle Ages. Modern folk always harbor this image of devout, God-fearing people strictly adhering to the letter of divine law. While they were certainly devout back then, that whole adherence thing left something to be desired – even among the clergy. No, scratch that. Especially among the clergy. Powerful churchmen often lived very well in an age where commoners desperately tried to scratch out a living. Ironically, that desperation contributed to the Church’s wealth since the population hoped their lots would improve in the next world and gave money accordingly. Wealth and power lead to corruption, however, and the bishop of the town I lived in was one of the most corrupt around. And I was his mistress. Ostensibly, I worked as a servant in his household, but most of my laboring occurred in bed. He fawned over me and kept me supplied with nice clothes and other trinkets, and everyone knew about our relationship. People accepted that it was technically wrong, but most just lived with it. A lot of other bishops – and popes – had mistresses too, and like I said, not everyone was as devout as modern romantics like to believe. Simply living in sin with a crooked bishop didn’t satisfy my job requirements. After all, I was a real go-getter in those days, and it hadn’t taken too much to lead him astray. If I hadn’t done it, someone else would have. So, I slept around on him when I could, getting regular fixes and a great deal of entertainment along the way. One day of said entertainment came from two monks who pulled knives on each other after discovering I’d slept with both of them. I don’t know what good they thought it would do. I hardly ever saw them anyway since their monastery lay so far outside of town. Besides, considering how mediocre both liaisons had been, I didn’t have much interest in revisiting either one. Nonetheless, they fought ferociously, drawing a lot of blood until a local priest managed to separate them. I watched the conflict with an innocent face, hidden among the enthusiastic crowd. No one suspected my involvement, save the intervening priest. His name was Andrew, and I adored him. Bishops performed masses and other sacraments, but they also had administrative responsibilities. Consequently, Andrew performed a lot of day-to-day ministering. He frequently visited the house where I lived and would speak to me both as a friend and a pastor while traveling to and from his duties. â€Å"Do you hate me?† I asked him after the fight. We sat in the garden outside the bishop’s house. A couple other servants tended the grounds nearby but were still too far away to overhear us. Andrew hadn’t specifically cited my involvement in the fight, but he had mentioned the incident when he arrived, lamenting what a shame it was that two brothers had been driven to such extremes. Closing his eyes, he tipped his head back into the sunshine. A heavy gold cross – a gift from my bishop that Andrew continually wanted to sell – rested on his chest, gleaming in the light. â€Å"No, of course not.† I studied him, admiring his young, handsome face and thinking the real shame was his celibacy. Wind ruffled his silky brown hair, and I imagined running my fingers through it. â€Å"You sound disapproving.† â€Å"I disapprove of sin, not of you.† He straightened back up and opened his eyes. â€Å"You I pray for.† I shifted uncomfortably. I didn’t like being prayed for. â€Å"What do you mean?† He smiled at me, and I nearly sighed at his beauty. I longed to have him as a conquest, but he’d proven resistant so far. Of course, that only added to his appeal. I sometimes felt that if I could ever taste it, the energy from his soul would feed me for a lifetime. â€Å"I pray for your physical and spiritual health. I pray you will sin no more. I pray you will find some man you can marry and have children with.† He hesitated. â€Å"Although, I’d prefer it more if you took vows.† I arched an eyebrow of surprise. â€Å"Why?† â€Å"Why not? You read and write. You’re more educated than half the brothers at the monastery. You’d be a great asset to the abbey.† I tilted my head so that some of my hair spilled over my face, knowing how the light would set it ablaze. I held onto his gaze tenaciously. â€Å"Is that the only reason why? Or do you just like the idea of me never being with another man?† Andrew looked away and took a long time answering. â€Å"I’d like you to be my sister in Christ,† he said finally. â€Å"We all struggle with temptation, and I would like to see you removed from it.† With that, he stood up and straightened the kinks from his body. I remained sitting. â€Å"I should leave. It’s getting late.† He started to walk away, but I called after him. â€Å"What about you? Do you struggle with temptation?† He stopped walking and glanced at me over his shoulder. A small smile, rueful and sad, played at his lips as he regarded me. â€Å"Of course. You are my great temptation, and you know it. I’d like to be free of that as well.† â€Å"Are you sure?† I asked softly. Shaking his head, still smiling, he left the garden. That had been our last truly happy day together†¦. Back in the present, in bed, sleepiness started to take over and interrupt my recollections. I put a bookmark in my thoughts, reluctant to leave the memory of when life with Andrew had still been sweet and good. I hadn’t been able to stop that story’s ending, but as I rolled over and studied Seth’s sleeping form, I vowed history wouldn’t repeat itself. How to cite Succubus Dreams CHAPTER 9, Essay examples

Leadership Management Ineffective Performance

Question: Discuss about theLeadership Managementfor Ineffective Performance. Answer: Introduction Leadership is the process in which the individual tries to influence others so that an objective can be achieved and directs the organization in a cohesive and coherent manner (Klenke 2016). The difference between management and leadership are that management have subordinates in their system and is differentiated by seniority that have powers over others in making the work done. It is more of an authoritarian style where the subordinates need to carry out the duties assigned to them by the seniors. The management pays the managers to get the work done within the timeframe that is allotted to them. Leaders on the other hand have followers, which is a voluntary activity. Leaders take the risks in the organization and finds alternate ways to avoid these risks. The role of the leaders is to identify the ineffective performance in the organization, which results in the loss of productivity levels (Johnston and Marshall 2016). The satisfaction of the leaders is the feeling of power and prestige bestowed upon them. It gives them a chance to develop others and have high income opportunities bundled with respect and status in the society. They have the opportunity to control the inflow and outflow of money and resources in the organization. The frustrations of leaders are that they need to work overtime without any compensation. It causes headaches and puts stress on the mind of the leaders. The leaders need to go through many politics regarding the organizational structure (Klenke 2016). The leaders should develop their skills by communicating in a proper manner; they need to encourage enthusiasm and a sense of belonging in the organization. They need to pursue the workers to work until the goals and the targets are met (Lussier and Achua 2015). The combination of psychological traits that define a person is known as personality. To identify the personality with the efforts that are recognizable can be done by Myers-Briggs Type Indicator and the five-factor model of personality. The Myers-Briggs indicator helps in establishing the extrovert and introvert type of personality based on the social interaction. Sensing and intuitiveness of a person can be understood by the choice of the data that the individual gathers. Feeling and thinking can affect the personality of the individual by the decision making capacity of them and the style of making the decisions helps to identify the perception and judgment of the individual. The personality traits of the leaders can be divided in to general traits that are self-confidence and the trustworthiness of the individual and the task related trait can be identified through the controlling capacity of the individual (Lam et al. 2016). The personalized power motives in a leader attract the m towards the status symbols, luxuries and the monetary benefits. The socialized power motives help the leader to use their powers in helping others. The McClelland theory of three needs is the need for achievement, which is the driving force towards excellence in achieving a set of standards. The need for power makes the leaders behave in a manner in which they want to seek control over everything, which makes them influential. The need for affiliation helps in developing close and friendly relationships in the organization (Chemers 2014). The cognitive factors are that for the business to succeed the mental strength of the personality is important. The leaders need to be mentally sharp so that they can solve problems and make a creative plan. They must identify the key information that is essential and memorize those and the mentality to solve the problems leads to cognitive intelligence. The personality and the mental ability of the leaders can be inherited or can be based on the aptitudes of the individuals (Renzulli and DSouza 2014). The strengths of trait approach is that it emphasizes on the emotional intelligence. Honesty, integrity, creativity and imagination are some of the essential leadership traits and leaders can be selected accordingly. The traditional approach in leadership helps individual to be responsible. The limitations of the trait approach are that it does not differentiate the traits according to the leadership situations. The right amount of trait is unknown. The individuals who do not possess leadership traits need to be discouraged from these positions (Dinh et al. 2014). The influence of the behavior of the leader directly affects how the workers respond to the attempt taken to influence them. There can be three possible outcomes in an attempt to influence which are commitment, compliance and resistance (Byme et al. 2014). The influential tactics by leading as an example is by being a role model for the workers in an effective way. Rational persuasion is also an important tactic, which involves the logical arguments and factual evidence to convince an individual or a group of workers in attaining the goal. Subject Matter expert (SME) is also a tactic as it helps the organization in adopting effective strategies to be influential. The favor exchange and bargaining capacity is a tactic as it helps to exchange ideas and labor with another party at a cheaper cost. Networking is a tactic as it helps the members to create a network and ask for help when required is also influential in nature. Another tactic is to legitimate a request so that the policies and practices of the organization can be done by professional people and is within the scope of authority. A leader needs to inspire the values and the motives of the organization to achieve the target (Oc and Bashshur 2013). Personal magnetism can be achiev ed by the charisma that the individual has which will draw others towards the individual. Consulting with others before asserting it is a style and influencing factor in leadership, which helps in the decision-making process. Coalition helps in creating a specific arrangement of the parties to work together and combine their power. Team play helps in influencing others in getting the work done. Leaders need to be manipulative so that they can influence others and gain compliance of the other individuals. Game playing is necessary to influence people that have an agenda or a purpose in hiding so that the exchange of ideas can help to work better (Byme et al. 2014). The managerial roles as identified by Mintzberg are the interpersonal roles, which includes figurehead, the leaders and liaises the communication between people and the organization to work closely. The informational roles help to monitor and disseminate the activities for the spokesperson. The decisional roles involve the entrepreneurs, the handlers who manage disturbance in the organization, the resource allocators and the negotiator who negotiates on behalf of the leader (Mintzberg 2015). The cognitive resource theory helps the experienced leaders to rely on the behaviors of the groups that have high performance rate under stressful conditions. Experience also leads to repeat the behavior patterns on a daily basis. The intellectual abilities of the leaders help in correlating the groups with high performance rate with that of the intellectual abilities of non-directive leaders (Miner 2015). The situations can influence the behavior or style of leadership. This effectively helps the leaders to make their behavioral patterns change according to the situational forces. The internal and the external environment have an impact on the effectiveness of the leaders (Mintzberg 2015). The contingency model of leadership helps in determining the situation in which the leader is working. The style of leadership is a permanent behavioral aspect, which is difficult to modify. To measure the leadership style the least preferred coworker or the LPC scale helps in measuring the degree to which a leader describes an employee favorably or unfavorably with whom the individual has worked the least (Jansen et al. 2016). The leadership situation can be measured in three dimensions, the leader-member relation measures how properly the leader and the group is working together, the structure of the task measures the clarity of goals and procedures and evaluates the job. The position power measures the authority of the leader to recruit, retain or terminate its employees (Miner 2015). The Vroom-Yetton-Jago model identifies the five-decision making styles in which the first two styles are autocratic because the decision of the leader is made with a minimum input form the group. The next two styles are consultative in nature and the fifth style is directed to the group where the consensus of the group is considered before taking the decision. The performance of the leader influences to act on the needs of the group members under him (Jago 2015). The situational leadership model of Hersey and Blanchard explains the style of leadership to examine the readiness of the group members. The path goal theory highlights the fact about what leaders need to do to achieve high productivity at a particular situation. It emphasizes that the leaders need to choose from four different styles of leadership to achieve the best results. However, the contingency factors with respect to environment need to be kept in mind (Rahman 2016). Knowledge management deals with the cultural focus on sharing of knowledge. The access to the knowledge is limited in spite of wide spread information being available through the information technology. Participative leadership help in the decision making process with the group members. The autocratic leadership helps in retaining the majority of the authority. The entrepreneurial leadership helps in guiding the risk-taking activity sensibly (Hislop 2013). Charismatic leadership helps in the proper interaction between the leader and the people who are being led. The impression management system helps the leaders to develop a relationship with their group members. Maintaining the impression in the minds of the group members is important for the leaders. Charismatic leadership effects can be of three different dimensions such as referent power, expert power and the involvement in the job (Mumford and Strange 2013). Transformational leadership is on two types, which are vision and the style of communication. Vision management helps in understanding the different and better working conditions and the ways of achieving it. It is more of a long-term goal. The communication style helps to communicate with the group members in an effective manner. The disadvantages of charismatic leadership are that it leads to culmination of evil in the minds of the leaders. They can use unethical means to make the organization lead towards its goal. The charismatic leaders may neglect the social responsibility that is bestowed upon them. Transformational leadership helps in bringing major positive changes to achieve the goal. They lead their group members beyond the organizational interests to serve the society as well (Dvir et al. 2015). There are four types of power such as legitimate power, which helps in making the right decision staying within the boundaries of law. The reward power helps the leaders to understand the responsibility taken up by the group members and reward them accordingly. The coercive power helps in exercising the punishment power and the group members work with this fear in mind. The information power helps the leader to inform their group members about the work that they need to carry out (Krause 2015). Empowerment means the passing down of power from the managers to the group members in the organization. It plays a big part in assessing the quality management of the organization. It helps in covering many ranges of activities by assuming more responsibility (Dvir et al. 2015). Reference List Byrne, A., Dionisi, A.M., Barling, J., Akers, A., Robertson, J., Lys, R., Wylie, J. and Dupr, K., 2014. The depleted leader: The influence of leaders' diminished psychological resources on leadership behaviors.The Leadership Quarterly,25(2), pp.344-357. Chemers, M., 2014.An integrative theory of leadership. Psychology Press. Dinh, J.E., Lord, R.G., Gardner, W.L., Meuser, J.D., Liden, R.C. and Hu, J., 2014. Leadership theory and research in the new millennium: Current theoretical trends and changing perspectives.The Leadership Quarterly,25(1), pp.36-62. 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