Transition from Static to Dynamic Images in Wallace Stevens’ poems :: Biography Biographies Essays

Transition from Static to Dynamic Images in Wallace Stevens poemsDescription restores vitality to the plain visual object (Altieri, 250). Take for example when Horatio, after having seen the soupcon the low act of Hamlet, notices the beginning of the new day But, look, the morn in russet mantle clad, walks oer the dew of yon high eastward hill. (Shakespeare, 347). He doesnt say Suns coming up and we do not read Shakespeare in hopes that he would. Instead we are given a rendering of the sun and its movement. This two part description is vital to the beginning of the entire play, and closes the scene succinctly. It provides first a visual stick out for the reviewer or listener to imagine, and then gives motion, in this case to indicate that the play has been set into motion by something outside the control of the characters. Transition from a silent image to that of a dynamic one gives vitality to several of Wallace Stevens poems, furthering their motion and directing their impression. Before addressing any of Stevens poems, it must be made clear that this controversy is narrowly focusing itself on the visual images within several of Stevens poems. To fully examine the sidelines and tangents of a single poem would be impossible, as the poems themselves grow with discovered philosophies, and apostrophize to innumerable viewpoints and interpretations. Furthermore, because the word image can have a multiplicity of meanings and derivatives, depending on the school of thought the reader has absorbed, I will drive the definition of image, within this paper, to the stoic To describe especially to describe as to call up a mental picture of (Morris, 657). In Study of ii Pears (Stevens 180) we start 13 sentences within a 24 line poem, and each line composed of only 4 words, on average, per line. It would seems odd for such of a sudden sentences to be so descriptive. However, A catalogue of vivid effects would pall pretty quickl y, and Stevens sensuous particulars do not pall. He keeps them simple, often short, and sometimes achieves a queer sense of presence (Cook 154). This presence builds throughout the poem. It begins with the scientific terms for the two pears in question, Opusculum paedagogum and states that they are pears and resemble nothing.Transition from Static to Dynamic Images in Wallace Stevens poems Biography Biographies EssaysTransition from Static to Dynamic Images in Wallace Stevens poemsDescription restores vitality to the plain visual object (Altieri, 250). Take for example when Horatio, after having seen the ghost the first act of Hamlet, notices the beginning of the new day But, look, the morn in russet mantle clad, walks oer the dew of yon high eastward hill. (Shakespeare, 347). He doesnt say Suns coming up and we do not read Shakespeare in hopes that he would. Instead we are given a description of the sun and its movement. This two part description is vital to the beginn ing of the entire play, and closes the scene succinctly. It provides first a visual image for the reader or listener to imagine, and then gives motion, in this case to indicate that the play has been set into motion by something outside the control of the characters. Transition from a static image to that of a dynamic one gives vitality to several of Wallace Stevens poems, furthering their motion and directing their impression. Before addressing any of Stevens poems, it must be made clear that this argument is narrowly focusing itself on the visual images within several of Stevens poems. To fully examine the sidelines and tangents of a single poem would be impossible, as the poems themselves grow with discovered philosophies, and appeal to innumerable viewpoints and interpretations. Furthermore, because the word image can have a multiplicity of meanings and derivatives, depending on the school of thought the reader has absorbed, I will constrain the definition of imag e, within this paper, to the stoic To describe especially to describe as to call up a mental picture of (Morris, 657). In Study of Two Pears (Stevens 180) we find 13 sentences within a 24 line poem, and each line composed of only 4 words, on average, per line. It would seems odd for such short sentences to be so descriptive. However, A catalogue of vivid effects would pall pretty quickly, and Stevens sensuous particulars do not pall. He keeps them simple, often short, and sometimes achieves a remarkable sense of presence (Cook 154). This presence builds throughout the poem. It begins with the scientific terms for the two pears in question, Opusculum paedagogum and states that they are pears and resemble nothing.

Pain: Understanding the Subjective, Objectively Essay -- Biology Essay

Pain Understanding the Subjective, ObjectivelyPain is a universal element of the human experience. Everyone, at some point in their lives, experiences pain in one form or another. Pain has numerous causes, effects, and is itself a highly complex biological phenomenon. It similarly carries with it important emotional and social concerns. Pain cannot be entirely understood within the context of any one field of scientific inquiry. Indeed, it must be examined across a range of disciplines, and furthermore considered in relation to important non-scientific influences, such as emotional responses and social determinants. I conducted my explorations regarding pain with the following read/write head in mind to what degree is pain subjective? I found several avenues of inquiry to be useful in my explorations they are (1) the expanding specialty in the medical profession of pain management (2) pain in individuals with spinal cord injuries (SCIs) and (3) pain experiences of children. Examini ng these issues led to the conclusion that pain is in fact a highly subjective phenomenon.The philosophy that you have to learn to live with pain is one that I will never understand or advocate, says Dr. W. David Leak, Chairman & chief operating officer of Pain Net, Inc. (1). Indeed, the notion that pain is an essential element of life, and that one must endure pain to achieve something positive (as conveyed in the omnipresent athletic mantra no pain, no gain) has informed our sense as a society of how pain is to be dealt with. Only recently, with increasing awareness in the health dread community that managing a patients pain is a complex, yet crucial aspect of their care, has societys view of pain and its management begun to change. Pain Management is itself a ne... ...duality as there are other factors that must be taken into consideration. An examination of the emergence of the field of pain management, pain in individuals with spinal cord injuries (SCIs), and the dynamic of the childishness experience with pain provides evidence that the emotional, psychological, and social aspects of pain require that it be considered a subjective phenomenon.RefencesThis paper reflects the research and thoughts of a student at the time the paper was written for a course at Bryn Mawr College. Like other materials on Serendip, it is not intended to be authoritative but rather to military service others further develop their own explorations. Web links were active as of the time the paper was posted but are not updated. Contribute Thoughts chase Serendip for Other Papers Serendip Home Page http//serendip.brynmawr.edu/cgi-bin/comments

Animal behavior :: essays research papers

The study of animal behavior is Ethology. A large part of the studies take a shit been conducted by Lonrenz and Niko Tinbergen who wanted to find out how animals saw the world. For example, seekes. The priapic forget protect its territory. They will become aggressive when they see the red belly of another fish. This reaction is innate or instinctive, it is automatic. An experiment was performed by placing a large red sheet of paper in the tank. This made the male fish aggressive. This aggressiveness is what will make the male more fit in order provide more sperm to the females. The red was the releaser/sign stimuli in this case. If you take a chick for example, its mother will respond to sound alternatively of sight. When a chick is distressed and is placed in a sound proof container, the mother will not respond. However, when there is a physical parapet but not sound proof, the mother will respond to the chicks cries. The releaser/sign stimulus is sound in this case. A bee wil l never see a white flower but instead it will see the target, which is the pollen. Pheromones are not hormones. They are chemicals that are released outside of the animal, and have a scent that will give an effect. Therefore, pheromones can also be releaser/sign stimuli as rise up. When a gull has captured a plentiful supply of fish in its neck, the baby will peck at its mother so the fish will be released for them to feed on. The baby gulls will respond to the binding and forth swinging and the red dot on the mothers beak. When a releaser leads directly to behavior it is called a fix-action pattern. If an egg rolls out of a draw close the mother will immediately try and recollect it. But if the egg is taken away the mother will still do it. This shows that once the shift key is turned on it will continue. Fix action patterns can be learned by humans, and will soon become autonomic. Usually hormones and timing will motivate animals and drive their behavior timing through biolog ical clocks, the animals circadium rhythms (approx 24hrs). This circadium rhythm may be altered by changing the animals environment. If a squirrel is put into the dark and exposed to artificial light, its cycle may shift. Each cell has a biological clock, which means each organ as well as the individual animal has one.

Brendan Behan’s The Quare Fellow and Samuel Beckett Essay -- Brendan B

Brendan Behans The Quare Fellow and Samuel BeckettExistential works are difficult to describe because the definition of existentialism covers a wide range of ideas and influences more or less to the point of ambiguity. An easy, if not basic, approach to existentialism is to view it as a culmination of attitudes from the oppressed people of industrialization, authors and philosophers during the modern literary period, and people who were personally knotted as civilians, soldiers, or rebels during WWII and witnessed the worst aspects of life and war. These attitudes combined the aspects of loss of identity and autonomy, the uselessness of pain, a sense of alienation, and the meaninglessness of a harsh life where remainder is the only way out all of these things helped give birth to a new philosophy that for the first time dealt with the cold reality of life later WWII. The canon of existential literature almost singularly deals with native authors from France, Germany, Russia, and the former Czechoslovakia however, there has yet to be a universally accepted Irish writer to belong to this category. Some argue that this segregation of Irish writers has to do with Irelands geographical location and its neutrality during WWII however, if existentialism is purely an amalgamation of attitudes, then a countrys location and direct political policy play a meager role in the classification of a work as existential. Moreover, those arguments pay no attention to expatriates, or the simultaneously related socio-political condition of other countries thus, a reevaluation of the canon, or at least a reconsideration of Irish works as existential is appropriate. Two Irish playwrights who epitomize the attitudes of existentialism a... ...which criticism and interpretation of modern society are available. Behan and Beckett are trying to unsolved societys eyes in order for them to question their lives and the world in which they live. When the representations are understood, the audience can begin to question the establishments of society, the rationality of imposture or complete faith in a soulless and seemingly meaningless world, and the real purpose and meaning of their own lives. Behan and Beckett heighten expectations of existential writing and thought through their unforgiving and callous treatment of society, which reflects the abominable demeanor and absurdities of modern society and life.Works CitedBeckett, Samuel. Waiting for Godot. New York Grove Press, 1954.Behan, Brendan. The Quare Fellow. Modern Irish Drama. Ed. John P. Harrington. New York W.W. Norton & Co, Inc, 1991. 255-310.

Essay --

Knowledge has always been a parameter through which merciful progress has been measured, Knowledge could be an reflexion gained from a fact or a situation present. The production of noesis relies on different ways of knowing, sense perception, emotion, reason and language. The production of knowledge differs from severally human being leading to acquiring of personal knowledge and contributing to the shared knowledge. Society also plays a role in influencing the production of knowledge through various judgments that it passes on the manner in which knowledge is produced. Ethics is a set of principles which are incorruptly right and are usaged to prevail peoples actions and on the basis of that judgments are passed, rules made and norms are established. This leads us to the issue to what extent does compromising ethical judgement lead to utilitarian knowledge in natural science and arts.Experiments in certain disciplines are considered ethically wrong. Theses ethical judgemen ts gets translated into legal judgements and ban experiments in that field.This to some extent hampers the practical application and usage of knowledge in that particular field for example- In my biology class, I eat learnt about steroids- anabolic steroids which stimulate the testosterone hormone used to call down athletes performance and stamina. However such usage gives athletes an unfair advantage, and it is for this reason sport regulating bodies ban anabolic steroid usage by athletes and deem experiments that use the study of steroids on athletic performance unethical. In this manner while the usage of knowledge is being discouraged the experiments that study the use of steroids still continue.From other perspective, it may be argued that ethical judgment does not complet... ...ns to produce knowledge rather than scientist. The reason being is that there is greater danger on human life and safety being affected by methods used in the production of knowledge in natural s cience. Although Artist can strongly military issue the mental state of health of society and can affect lives this way and this may sometimes have a greater impact on humans. Novels, propoganda , movies have known to cause strong disturbances between societies. However the limitation of production of knowledge in arts tend to be within national boundaries or even different regions of the same country while as limitation of production of knowledge in Science seems to have a more oecumenic approach. We should accept ethical judgement as taking caution in the methods available for production of knowledge so that safety and health is not compromised and moral judgements not crossed.

Essay --

Knowledge has always been a parameter through which human progress has been measured, Knowledge could be an aspect gained from a fact or a situation present. The production of knowledge relies on different ways of knowing, sense perception, emotion, reason and language. The production of knowledge differs from each human universe direct to acquiring of personal knowledge and contributing to the shared knowledge. Society also plays a role in influencing the production of knowledge through various judgments that it passes on the manner in which knowledge is produced. Ethics is a set of principles which are morally right and are used to govern peoples actions and on the basis of that judgments are passed, rules made and norms are established. This leads us to the issue to what extent does compromising ethical sound judgment lead to useful knowledge in indispensable science and arts.Experiments in certain disciplines are considered ethically wrong. Theses ethical judgements gets t ranslated into legal judgements and ban experiments in that field.This to some extent hampers the application and usage of knowledge in that particular field for example- In my biology class, I have learnt about steroids- anabolic steroids which stimulate the testosterone hormone used to enhance athletes performance and stamina. However such(prenominal) usage gives athletes an unfair advantage, and it is for this reason sport regulating bodies ban anabolic steroid usage by athletes and deem experiments that use the study of steroids on gymnastic performance unethical. In this manner while the usage of knowledge is being discouraged the experiments that study the use of steroids still continue.From another perspective, it may be argued that ethical judgment does not complet... ...ns to produce knowledge rather than scientist. The reason being is that there is greater danger on human life and safety being affected by methods used in the production of knowledge in natural science. Although Artist can salutaryly effect the mental state of wellness of society and can affect lives this way and this may sometimes have a greater impact on humans. Novels, propoganda , movies have known to cause strong disturbances between societies. However the limitation of production of knowledge in arts tend to be within national boundaries or even different regions of the alike country while as limitation of production of knowledge in Science seems to have a more universal approach. We should accept ethical judgement as taking caution in the methods available for production of knowledge so that safety and health is not compromised and moral judgements not crossed.

Make Green Delicious

A. - Introduction/Statement of the problem The problem in this case was the option of expanding the business and the showtime of a foundation. Jamie Kennedy felt that it was the time for expansion. However, it was difficult to balance between growth and sustainability as the business expands. B. - Analysis Jamie Kennedy Kitchens has been operating for 33 eld.With global accolades, rave reviews and topical anaesthetic sustenance critics, its customer bases has grown substantially. Kennedy wants to expose the thought of slow food philosophy to as many people as possible, from his customers, workers, to the community. In order to decorate up a foundation, build public relation and reach more people in the community, Kennedy has to spend more time and extra money which a lot of his chefs found it unnecessary. To balance between grown and sustainability, Kennedy should cut costs in other areas. C. Alternatives 1. Set up foundation * Cut costs * jibe up with a topical anesthetic no n-governmental organization as it may be hard to run a foundation without proper skills training 2. Do not set up foundation D. - Recommendation Set up the foundation. If the foundation succeeds, it can achieve Kennedys goal of educating the public about the slow food philosophy. It will help the corporation overall as it furthers differentiate the brand.If the foundation fails, it will hurt the corporation a bit but with its 33 years of experience and brand building, it should be able to recover. E. - Implementation Plan It may be a good idea to pair up with a local non-governmental organization so that it reduces the risk of failing to manage the foundation. It is important to look for a local non-governmental organization that agrees and aligns with the firms own philosophy and goals.In scathe of cutting costs, as mentioned in the case, it can move the production kitchen to a lower cost location and supply Jamie Kennedy Kitchens with his own rural farm. In this way, power is imp roved. One issue that should be taken into consideration is that by supplying the corporation with its own farm, it may be competing with the local suppliers and damage the established consanguinity between suppliers.

Hamstring Tightness Is Common Health And Social Care Essay

Among the sinew undergoing adaptative shortening, torment is the 1 familiarly traveling for adaptative shortening. The bedevil tendon tendon comprises of cardinal sizeable brawns viz. semimembranosus, semitendinosus, and bicep femur which arises from the tubercle of ischial bone. They are present over the posterior compartment of the thigh and cross the pelvic girdle and voicen genus reeferns. Hence they are the extensors of the hip and flexors of the articulatio genus. raging niggardness is common in normal single because of immobilisation of a tissue paper in a sawed-off place imports in adaptative shortening. As the muscle shortens, its snap of the normal tissue was falloffd and a adaptation in the law of continuation tenseness relationship of the brawniness, loss of flexibility at any rate occurs. Hamstring stringency could do the musculo sinewy unit to a great extent susceptible to injury, cast up opposition to versatile anatomical constructions, which ma y take to overdrive syndrome.Stringency could besides leads to pathological conditions at the articulation on which the muscularity Acts of the Apostless, particularly on a musculus like dun which passes over the two articulations. massiveness stringency has a importeeant touch on neuromuscular control. bodybuilder stringency affects the normal length tenseness relationships. When one musculus in a intensity level twosome becomes tight or hypertonic, it alters the normal arthrokinematics of the involved articulation. This affects the interactive map of the full kinetic concatenation, winning to unnatural emphasis, soft tissue disfunction, nervous via media and vascular/lymphatic stasis. muscle-builder stringency besides cause unc pop outh suppression. Increased musculus spindle activity in a specific musculus depart do reduced nervous thrust to that musculus s functional adversary. This alters the normal arthrokinematics of the involved section.Flexibility has been defined as the ability of a musculus to lengthen and let one articulation ( or much than one articulation in a series ) to travel through a mountain range of movement.Anderson and Burke defined Flexibility as the electron orbit of gesture available in a give voice or a assort of articulation that is influenced by musculuss, ligaments and castanetss .Loss of flexibleness agencies reduced ability of a musculus to deform. Loss of flexibleness may take to diminish in lumbar hollow-back, decrease of musculus posture and quadriceps disfunction during pace, lumbar pelvic beat was disturbed, anterior pelvic joust was restricted, lumbar gesture was increase. Excessive mobility of lumbar spinal mainstay leads to pulling of lumbar ligaments and accordingly hurting and instability. ( Levangie and Norkin, 2001 )Loss of flexibleness can besides do hurting originating from musculus, connective tissue or periosteum. ( Hardy, 1989 Tillmann and Cummings, 1992 )With respect to of import function of rag flexibleness Restoration of its normal length is necessary. Muscle tissue length is thought to play an of import function in faculty and effectivity of human motion.Benefits of flexibleness is to heighten the scope of gesture, improved organic structure place, possible alleviation of achings and hurting, protection against low back hurting and hurts, decrease of station exercising musculus tenderness, and promotes relaxation.Hamstringing stringency can be measured utilizing the ( 1 ) Active one-sided straight leg rise test, ( 2 ) nonoperational one-sided straight leg rise runnel, ( 3 ) Sit and make rill, ( 4 ) Active articulatio genus citation trial. Straight leg rise trial are widely apply as a neurologic trials, hence they do non give valid steps of rag stringency because of pelvic synchronous converter motion that occurs during the trial. Active articulatio genus backstage trial is the dependable trial. dogging ultrasonography therapy addendums tendon length by altering their viscousness and malleability ( Ziskin et al, 1986 ) . impecunious musculuss have a higher rate of soaking up of echography base ridges when compared to fatty tissue. ( Dyson, 1987 funky and Reed, 1990 ) .Elevation of collagen tissue temperature affects on mechanical and natural features of tissues and facilitates distortion of the collagen. As hurting and uncomfor control panelness was reduced during galloping and collagen fiber ability to digest greater forces was increased. Ultrasound increases soft tissue extensibility and may be an impressive adjunct in the intervention of articulatio genus contractures secondary to connective tissue shortening ( Folconer et al, 1992 ) . slothful stint allow the musculus spindle to suit, chop off down their fire rate hence slothful spread is impressive in increase the length of musculus. ( Gordon and Ghez, 1991 ) .Longer keep times during reaching of the hamstring musculuss resulted in a greater rate of additions in scope of gesture ( Feland et al, 2001 ) .Stretch duration subvert than 30 seconds did non increase musculus flexibleness ( Beaulien, 1981 ) . nonoperational go of 30 seconds is sufficient to increases the hamstring musculus length.Combination of sonography therapy with 30 seconds continue is more efficient than ultrasound therapy with 15 seconds stretch in increasing hamstring flexibleness ( A.Akbari, H.Moodi, A.A.Moein, and R.Nazok 2006 ) .Muscle force proficiencys ( MET ) are manually apply reaching techniques that use rules of neurophysiology to loosen up hyperactive musculus and stretch inveterate shortened musculuss.Muscle thrust techniques ( MET ) have the ability to loosen up hyperactive musculuss or stretch tight musculuss and their associated fascial constituents when connective tissue or viscoelastic alterations have occurred.When utilizing Muscle nothing techniques ( MET ) , it is of import to relax/inhibit the neuromuscular constituent before trying to str etch the involved muscular structure. 2 cardinal neurophysiologic rules account for the neuromuscular suppression. The first rule of Muscle strength techniques ( MET ) is post contraction suppression / autogenous suppression / station isometrical relaxation. The second rule is mutual suppression. Muscle vigor technique produced an immediate addition in nonoperational articulatio genus attachment in persons with hamstring stringency ( Ballantyne 2003 ) . Muscle energy technique is significantly bettering the hamstring flexibleness in collegial males ( Wassim.M et Al 2009 ) .1.1 NEED FOR THE STUDYContinuous ultrasound therapy, nonoperational stretch, musculus energy technique ( MET ) are important in bettering hamstring flexibleness in persons with hamstring stringency. These methods of intervention are good accepted and practised by assorted research pop offers harmonizing to old literature, but there was no passel to compare the consequence of musculus energy technique ( ME T ) and ultrasound therapy with unruffled reach in bettering the hamstring flexibleness in persons with hamstring stringency.So the intent of this vignette is to analyze the efficaciousness of musculus energy technique and ultrasound therapy with sluggish stretching in bettering the hamstring flexibleness in persons with hamstring stringency.1.2 PurposesTo authorize out the consequence of musculus energy technique versus ultrasound therapy with sluggish stretching in bettering the hamstring flexibleness in persons with hamstring stringency.1.3 AimTo analyze the consequence of musculus energy technique in bettering the hamstring flexibleness in persons with hamstring stringency.To analyze the consequence of ultrasound therapy with sleeping stretching in bettering the hamstring flexibleness in persons with hamstring stringency.To compare the consequence of musculus energy technique and ultrasound therapy with inactive stretching in bettering the hamstring flexibleness in person s with hamstring stringency.1.4 KEYWORDSHamstringing flexibleness, Muscle energy technique, Ultrasound therapy with inactive stretching, Active articulatio genus extension phone trial.1.5 HYPOTHESIS1.5.1 Null Hypothesis there is no important consequence of musculus energy technique in bettering the hamstring flexibleness in persons with hamstring stringency.There is no important consequence of ultrasound therapy with inactive stretching in bettering the hamstring flexibleness in persons with hamstring stringency.There is no important going between the consequence of musculus energy technique and ultrasound therapy with inactive stretching in bettering the hamstring flexibleness in persons with hamstring stringency.1.5.2 ALTERNATE HYPOTHESISThere is a important consequence of musculus energy technique in bettering the hamstring flexibleness in persons with hamstring stringency.There is a important consequence of ultrasound therapy with inactive stretching in bettering the hamstring flexibleness in persons with hamstring stringency.There is a important difference between the consequence of musculus energy technique and ultrasound therapy with inactive stretching in bettering the hamstring flexibleness in persons with hamstring stringency.II.REVIEW OF LITERATUREHamstring StringencyWorrel et Al ( 2003 )Stated that hamstring hurts in jocks is chiefly delinquent to the deficiency of hamstring flexibleness.Kishner and Colby et Al ( 2002 )Stated that equal mobility of soft tissues and articulations is thought to be an of import factor in bar of hurt ( or ) reinjury to soft tissues.Donald E Hartig et Al ( 1999 )Stated that addition in hamstring flexibleness lessenings overuse hurts in lower appendages.Sarhmann.S et Al ( 1997 )Stated that musculus stringency and hypertonicity has a important impact on the neuromuscular control. Muscle stringency affects the normal length tenseness relationship.Bullock-Saxton.J, Lewit.K et Al ( 1997, 1984 )Stated that musculus stringe ncy alters the normal arthrokinematics of the involved articulation. This affects the interactive map taking to abnormal joint emphasis, soft tissue disfunction, nervous via media and vascular or lymphatic stasis.Ronald F, Zernickle et Al ( 1996 )Stated that pull outing flexibleness alterations related with structural and physiologic alterations influence the degree of physiologic activity.Zachazewski et Al ( 1989 )Stated that loss of flexibleness of hamstring may take to diminish in lumbar hollow-back, decrease of musculus strength and quadriceps disfunction during pace.Cummingss, GS, Crutchfeld, CA, Barnes et Al ( 1983 )Stated that stringency is referred to mild shortening of a hale musculo sinewy unit otherwise referred to as a mild short-lived contracture. A musculus that is tight can be lengthened to all but the outer bounds of its scope. Normal person who do non on a regular basis take part in a flexibleness plan can develop mild myostatic contractures or stringency, pecu liarly in two joint musculuss such as hamstrings, rectus femur or gastronemius.Fox E.L et Al ( 1979 )Stated that flexibleness enhances motion by bettering organic structure consciousness with greater easiness and sleight.Lawrence gilded et AlStated that the hamstrings are the musculuss that run from buttocks and below the articulatio genuss up to the dorsum of the thigh till the sitbones . Soft tissue hurts, articulatio genus hurting, lacerate semilunar cartilage, chondromalacia genus Patella and hapless position frequently come from tight hamstrings. Tight hamstrings can forestall the person from making full extension or from flexing over wholly.ULTRASOUND THERAPY WITH unruffled stintShadmer.A, Astaneh.H.N, et Al ( 2010 )Conducted a vignette to analyze the consequence of two different manners ( Continuous versus Pulsed ) in diminishing the shortening of hamstrings. Thirty non impaired work forces aged 20 to 30 old ages were included. Ultrasound was applied over short hamstrin gs. Hamstringing flexibleness was measured by inactive articulatio genus extension trial. Continuous ultrasound of 2W/CmA? , 1MHZ, five proceedingss and Pulsed ultrasound of 200As explosion of 1MHZ, 0.5W/CmA? , five proceedingss was apply. They reason that the warming set up of uninterrupted ultrasound may be more effectual than not thermic be presbyopicingss of pulsed ultrasound for increasing the flexibleness of sawed-off hamstrings.Meroni, Roberto, Cerri, Cesare Giuseppe, Lanzarini, Carlo, Barindelli, Guido, Morte, Giancesare Della, Gessaga, Viviana, Cesana, Gian Carlo, DeVito, Giovanni et Al ( 2010 )Stated that the addition in flexibleness was maintained for a period of 4 hebdomads subsequently the surcease of preparation. This progression was more significantly noticed in active stretching group by utilizing active articulatio genus extension trial than the inactive stretching group.Buker N. , Aslan E. , Kitis A. , Carluk U et Al ( 2008 )Stated that the superficial ( or ) indistinct heat applications before inactive stretching exercisings shows positive effects to increasing flexibleness of hamstring musculuss.Nichole Lee Lounsberry et Al ( 2008 )Stated that the ultrasound intervention produced greater immediate additions in hamstring extensibility than moist heat battalions intervention.A.Akbari, H.Moodi, A.A.Moein and R.Nazok et Al ( 2006 )Stated that the additions in scope of inactive articulatio genus extension obtained in uninterrupted curative ultrasound and 30 seconds stretch group were significantly greater than curative ultrasound and 15 seconds stretch group in topics with tight hamstrings.Denegar C, Saliba E, et Al ( 2006 )Stated that 3 MHZ ultrasound provides superficial warming, 1MHZ ultrasound heats tissue at deepness of 3-5 centimeter and is considered to be a deep warming agent.Odunaiya N.A, Hamzat T.K, Ajayi O et Al ( 2004 )Stated that statically stretching tight hamstrings for any continuation between 15 and 120 seconds on surrogat e yearss for six hebdomads would significantly increase its flexibleness. The consequence was besides sustained for upto 7 yearss post intercession.Trae Sakiyo Tashiro et Al ( 2003 )Stated that the clinically practical parametric quantities of thermic ultrasound in concurrence with inactive stretching is an effectual manner of increasing hamstring extensibility but ultrasound application location did nt showed difference in increasing articulatio genus extension scope of gesture in a healthy population.C.D.Weijer et Al ( 2003 )Stated that the inactive stretching is one of the safest and most normally performed stretching methods used to mensurate musculus length.Feland et Al ( 2001 )Reported that long-lasting keep times during stretching of the hamstring musculuss resulted in a greater rate of addition in scope of gesture.Prentice WE, McClure M, Becker RO et Al ( 2001 )Stated that when slow stretch applied to muscle, golgi tendon organ get stimulated and thereby muscle tenseness is reduced. This leads is to an addition in length of musculus.Robert and Wilson et Al ( 1999 )Stated that inactive stretching additions muscle length by leting musculus spindle to deposit overtime and cease fired. It besides elicits golgi sinew response and hence provides an effectual flexibleness preparation stimulation.William D arciform et Al ( 1996 )Stated that a inactive stretch of 30 seconds at a frequence of individual session is sufficient to increase the musculus length.Bandy WD, Irion JM et Al ( 1995 )Stated that the continuance of 30 seconds of stretching is an effectual clip of heightening the flexibleness of the hamstring musculuss.Bandy WD, Irion JM et Al, Lentell G, Hetherington T et Al, Madding SW et Al ( 1994 )Stated that Inactive stretching is a method of stretching in which the musculuss and connective tissue being stretched are held in a stationary place at their greatest possible length for some period. When utilizing inactive stretching on a clinical footing, stretches should be held a lower limit of 15 to 30 seconds.Chan et Al ( 1993 )Stated that sinew ranges greater temperature and heat more rapidly than musculus and the sinew was able to keep vigorous heating for longer period than musculus.Draper D, Sunderland S, Kirkendall et Al ( 1993 )Stated that tendon tissue is less vascularized than musculus tissue sinews go out retain heat for longer periods of clip.Folconer et Al ( 1992 )Stated that ultrasound additions soft tissue extensibility and may be an effectual adjunct in the intervention of articulatio genus contractures secondary to connective tissue shortening.Gordon and Ghez et Al ( 1991 )Stated that inactive stretching may be effectual in increasing the length of musculus due to the elongated stretching which allows the musculus spindle to accommodate over clip and cease fire.Low and Reed et Al ( 1990 ) , Dyson et Al ( 1987 )Stated that low soaking up of ultrasound moving ridges is seen in tissues that are in H2O content ( eg . , fat ) , whereas soaking up is higher in tissues rich in protein ( e.g. , skeletal musculus ) .Warren C, Lehman J, Koblanski J, Strickler T, Malone T, Masock A, Garrett W et Al ( 1990 )Stated that ultrasound therapy can be used to aim the collagen rich sinewy unit of the hamstring musculus because of its ability to perforate deeper tissues, and shown that increasing the temperature of collagen to 40A Celsius go away increase the snap of the tissue. This increased extensibility allows for an even distribution of force and reduces the emphasis on localised countries of the tissue.Gajdosik RL, Godges JJ et Al ( 1989 )Stated that a low strength maintained stretch that is applied bit by bit is less likely to ease the stretch physiologic reaction and increase tenseness in the musculus being lengthened. This is called inactive stretch.Ziskin et Al ( 1986 )Stated that an increasing in tendon length following uninterrupted ultrasound therapy is due to alter of their viscousness and malle ability.Beaulien et Al ( 1981 )Stated that stretch continuance lower than 30 seconds did nt increase musculus flexibleness.Coakley et Al ( 1978 )Stated that frequence of 1MHZ ultrasound used for patients with more hypodermic fat who sustained hurts at deeper degree because of its assault to a deepness of 3 to 5 centimeter.Lehman et Al ( 1968 )Emphasized on the thermic effects of uninterrupted ultrasound compared to other heating modes in increasing hamstring flexibleness.De Vries HA et Al ( 1962 )Stated that inactive stretching offers advantages of utilizing less overall force, diminishing the danger of transcending the tissue extensibility bounds, lower energy demand, and a lower likeliness of musculus tenderness. Inactive stretching besides has less consequence on the Ia and II spindle sensory nerve fibers than ballistic stretching, which would be given to increase a musculuss opposition to stretch and ease Golgis tendon organ, thereby cut downing the contractile elements opposi tion to distortion.MUSCLE ENERGY techniqueAhmad Faheem, Ahmad Shamin, Anjani Agarwal, Begum Shabana, Ram C.S, Waseem Mohd et Al ( 2010 )Conducted a survey in Indian collegiate males on hamstring flexibleness by comparing the effectivity of musculus energy technique and bizarre preparation. Sum of 20 males with hamstring stringency falling between age group of 18-25 old ages were included in the survey. Hamstring stringency was measured by popliteal tumble/active articulatio genus extension trial. One group was treated with musculus energy technique and the other with bizarre preparation. This survey stated that hamstring flexibleness can be improved with musculus energy technique utilizing station isometric relaxation than bizarre preparation.Wassim M et Al ( 2009 )Reported that musculus energy technique utilizing station isometric relaxation significantly bettering the hamstring flexibleness ( by active articulatio genus extension trial ) in normal Indian collegiate males with ha mstring stringency.Azadeh Shadmehr, Mohmmed Reza Hadian, Sedigheh Sadet Naiemi, Shohreh Jalaie et Al ( 2009 )Concluded that the hamstring stretches in normal immature adult females utilizing either inactive stretch or musculus energy technique had quasi(prenominal) effects on reconstructing flexibleness to hamstrings.Madeline Smith, Gary Fryer et Al ( 2008 )Stated that the musculus energy technique is effectual in increasing hamstring extensibility, and at that place appeared to be sustained betterment one hebdomad following the initial intervention.Ross A, Clark et Al ( 2008 )Stated that musculus energy technique can bring forth nutcase and pliant alterations in the connective tissue thereby the length of the musculus can be increased.Lindsey Samilian et Al ( 2007 )Stated that musculus energy technique is a method used to beef up weak musculuss, lengthen the short musculuss ( or ) increase a musculus s scope of gesture. These techniques involve stretch during which a mutual forc e is imposed on the targeted musculus for short period of clip, doing the musculus to loosen up and stretch farther.Ballantyne F, Fryer G, MC.Laughlin P et Al ( 2003 )Conducted a survey to happen the effectivity of musculus energy technique in increasing inactive articulatio genus extension and to research the mechanism behind any find alteration. Forty symptomless topics between age of 18 to 45 old ages were indiscriminately allocated to experimental and command group. Experimental group was given with musculus energy technique and Control group with no intervention. They concluded that musculus energy technique produced an immediate addition in inactive articulatio genus extension. This ascertained alteration is due to an increased tolerance to stretch.Chaitlow L, Liebenson C et Al ( 2001 )The other name for Muscle energy technique is active muscular relaxation technique.Freyer G et Al ( 2000 ) , Richard L, Gajodsik, Melonie A, Rieck and Debra K et Al ( 1993 )Stated that an addit ion in flexibleness after musculus energy technique occurred due to biomechanical or neurophysiologic alterations or due to an addition in tolerance to stretching.Lewit et Al ( 1999 )Concluded that station isometric relaxation is directed towards relaxation of hypertonic musculus, particularly if this relates to reflex contraction or the engagement of myofascial trigger points.Lewit, Libenson, potato et Al ( 1999 )Stated that station isometric relaxation is an first-class technique for handling neuromuscular component musculus of a stiff, shortened or tight musculus.Lewit et Al ( 1999 ) , Greenman et Al ( 1989 )Suggested that in musculus energy technique, the keeping clip of 7-10 seconds is more effectual than 3-5 seconds.Kuchera et Al ( 1997 )Stated that addition in scope of gesture of a joint after Muscle energy technique is based on neurological mechanism via repressive golgi sinew physiological reaction. Muscle energy technique activates this physiological reaction during isome tric musculus contraction. Muscle energy technique produces a stretch on golgi sinew organ and a automatic relaxation of musculus.Goodridge and Kuchera et Al ( 1997 )Suggested that 3 repeats of isometric contractions is optimum in using musculus energy technique.Lederman et Al ( 1997 )Stated that a viscoelastic alteration in musculus is responsible for the addition in musculus flexibleness after musculus energy technique.Chaitlow L et Al ( 1997 )Stated that the isometric contraction should be held for 10 seconds. This is the clip required to reorganize the excitatory threshold of the Golgi sinew organ, which has a neurophysiologic inhibitory consequence on the musculus spindle. This provides the chance to take the musculus into a new scope of gesture. following the isometric contraction, there is a latency period of about 25 to 30 seconds, during which the musculus can be stretched.Philip Greenman et Al ( 1996 )Stated that manual medical forcefulness intervention process includes Muscle energy technique which involves the contraction of the topic s musculus by the voluntary attempt in a on the button controlled way, at different degrees of strength, against a counterforce applied by the operator. This process can be used to lengthen a sawed-off, contracted or spastic musculus to beef up a physiologically diminished musculus to cut down localised hydrops, to mobilise an articulation with restricted mobility.Ward, Robert C et Al ( 1990 )Stated that musculus energy technique is an active, direct technique ( prosecuting the bulwark ) that promotes musculus relaxation by triping the Golgi sinew physiological reaction.Libenson et Al ( 1989 )Stated that musculus energy technique is effectual in handling the musculus tenseness upset and it efficaciously relaxes stretches, strengthens the musculuss and re-educate unnatural sensory motor tract.Lewit et Al ( 1986 )Stated that when a musculus is isometrically contracted its adversary ordain be inhibited and cut dow n tone instantly.Stiles and Greenman et Al ( 1984 )Suggested that musculuss which requires stretching ( agonist ) should be the chief beginning of energy for isometric contractions and achieves a more important grades of relaxation and so a more utile ability to later stretch the musculus were the relaxation consequence being achieved through habit of adversary ( utilizing mutual suppression ) .ACTIVE KNEE EXTENSION TrialC.M. Norris et Al ( 2005 )Stated that active articulatio genus extension trial when used in concurrence with goniometry, unblemished surface devising, and manual monitoring of the trial leg is a dependable step of hamstring musculus length.M.Mathews et Al ( 2005 )Stated that active articulatio genus extension represents maximum length of hamstring musculuss.Denise M. Cameron, Richard W. Bohannon et Al ( 1985 )Stated that active articulatio genus extension trial is said to be a utile option to the consecutive leg inflame trial for supplying an indicant of hamstrin g musculus length.Gajdosik R.L et Al ( 1983 )Stated that active articulatio genus extension trial is a more nonsubjective step of hamstring stringency which produces high dependability co-efficient.III. METHODOLOGY3.1 STUDY DESIGNPre trial and station trial experimental group survey design.3.2 STUDY SettingStudy will be conducted at Physiotherapy Out Patient Department, KG College of Physiotherapy, Coimbatore.3.3 STUDY DURATIONEntire continuance was one twelvemonth. Individual received the intervention for the continuance of one hebdomad.3.4 POPULATION STUDIED30 normal persons with hamstring stringency who fulfilled the preset inclusive and sole standards were selected and divided into two experimental groups by simple random trying method. Each group consists of 15 patients. hosts are named as group A and group B3.5 CRITERIA FOR SELECTION3.5.1 Inclusive StandardsAge between 18 to 25 old agesBoth males and femalesNormal persons with tight hamstrings ( inability to accomplish greate r than 160A knee extension with hip at 90A flexure. )3.5.2EXCLUSIVE StandardsLow back hassle Acute accent or chronic.Hamstringing hurt Acute accent or chronic.Soft tissue hurts around articulatio genus.Pregnancy.Metallic element implants in lower appendage.Recent break and stiffness in lower appendage.3.6 Variables3.6.1 Independent VariablesMuscle energy technique.Ultrasound therapy with Inactive stretching.3.6.2 Dependent VariablesHamstringing flexibleness.3.7 ParametersHamstringing flexibleness3.8 MEASUREMENT TOOLSActive articulatio genus extension trial.Active articulatio genus extension trial was used for measuring of hamstring stringency. The topic was instructed to lie on their dorsum with hip and articulatio genuss bent 90 grades. pelvic motion was controlled by the usage of straps. By utilizing the obliquely condyle of thighbone as the goniometric axis, the stationary arm positioned along the thighbone, and the movable arm was positioned parallel to the leg. Keep hip and articulatio genus in 90 grades so instruct the topic to unbend the articulatio genus every bit for as possible boulder clay a esthesis of stretch being felt. Repeat the same for three times and mean were measured as the concluding consequence.3.9 ProceduresGROUP A MUSCLE ENERGY TECHNIQUE.Technique employ Post isometric relaxation.INDIVIDUAL S Position Supine prevarication.ProcedureAsk the persons to presume supine place. Therapist flexes the affected hip to the full and so extends the flexed articulatio genus with the dorsum of lower leg resting on the shoulder of the healer who stands confronting the caput of the tabular array. Individual is asked to flex i.e. doing downward force per unit landing field against the therapist shoulder with the dorsum of lower leg at the same clip therapist defy the persons voluntary attempt so that, slight isometric contraction of hamstrings develops and persons hold this for 10 seconds.After this attempt, the person is asked to expire and loosen up the musculus wholly. Then the healer takes the musculus to its new limitation barrier without stretch. Get downing from this new barrier, the same process is repeated two or three more times.FREQUENCY OF TREATMENT Once in a twenty-four hours.TREATMENT DURATION One hebdomad.GROUP B ULTRASOUND THERAPY WITH STATIC StretchingULTRASOUND TherapyINDIVIDUAL S Position Prone lyingParametersfrequency 1 MHzIntensity 2W/cmA?Manner Continuous.AREA OF APPLICATION Hamstring countryDuration Five Minutess daily ( Two proceedingss for median hamstrings, Two proceedingss for sidelong hamstrings and One min for between the two sinew ) .FREQUENCY OF TREATMENT Once in a twenty-four hoursTREATMENT DURATION One hebdomadInactive StretchingTechnique USED Active inactive stretching.INDIVIDUAL S Position Standing place.ProcedureSubjects performed the hamstring stretch by standing erect with the human foot planted on the floor and toes pointed frontward. The heel of the pes to be stretched was placed on a pedestal with the toes directed towards the ceiling. The topic so flexed frontward at the hip, keeping the spinal column in impersonal place while making the arm forward.The topics continued to flex the hip until a soft stretch was felt in the posterior thigh. Then keep this place for 30 seconds and so loosen up for 10 seconds and reiterate the same process for three more times a twenty-four hours.FREQUENCY OF TREATMENT Once in a twenty-four hours.TREATMENT DURATION One hebdomad3.10 STATISTICAL TOOLSThe following(prenominal) statistical tools used in this survey is Paired t-test and Unpaired t-testFormula Paired t-test=Where,= difference between the pre trial versus station trial= mean difference= broad(a) figure of topics= criterion divergenceUnpaired t-test was used to compare the honest difference between conference A and Group B.Formula Unpaired t-testWhere,= Mean of Group A= Mean of Group Bi = amount of the graden1 = figure of topics in Group An1 = figure of topics in Group BS = criterion divergenceDegree of significance 5 %IV.DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATIONTABLE-1PAIRED t TrialPRE TEST AND POST TEST VALUES OF GROUP AGroup A MUSCLE ENERGY TECHNIQUEHAMSTRING tractability ACTIVE KNEE EXTENSIONThe comparative mean values, comely differences, standard divergence and Paired t trial values of Group A, who were treated with Muscle energy Technique.S.NOGroup AMeanMEAN DEVIATIONStandard DEVIATIONt VALUE1.Pre trial135.222.876.4630.032.Post trial158.074.50GRAPH-1GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION OF PRE TEST AND POST TEST VALUES OF GROUP A ( MUSCLE ENERGY TECHNIQUE ) .TABLE-IIPAIRED t TrialPRE TEST AND POST TEST VALUES OF GROUP BGROUP B Ultrasound THERAPY WITH STATIC StretchingHAMSTRING FLEXIBILITY ACTIVE KNEE EXTENSIONThe comparative mean values, average differences, standard divergence and Paired t trial values of Group B, who were treated with Ultrasound therapy with inactive stretching.S.NOGROUP BMeanMEAN DEVIATIONStandard DEVIATIONt VALUE1.Pre trial134.5 17.55.9521.62.Post trial1525.11GRAPH-IIGRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION OF PRE TEST AND POST TEST VALUES OF GROUP B ( ULTRASOUND THERAPY WITH STATIC STRETCHING )TABLE-IIIUNPAIREDt TrialCOMPARISON BETWEEN THE PRE TEST VALUES OF GROUP A AND BHAMSTRING FLEXIBILITY ACTIVE KNEE EXTENSIONThe comparative mean values, average differences, standard divergence and Unpairedt trial values of Group A and Group B, who were treated with Muscle energy technique and Ultrasound therapy with inactive stretching.S.NOGroupMeanMEAN DEVIATIONStandard DEVIATIONt VALUE1.Group A135.20.676.460.29402.Group B134.55.95GRAPH-IIIGRAPHICL REPRESENTATION OF PRE TEST VALUES FOR GROUP A AND GROUP BTABLE-IVUNPAIRED t TrialCOMPARISON BETWEEN THE POST TEST VALUES OF GROUP A AND BHAMSTRING FLEXIBILITY ACTIVE KNEE EXTENSIONThe comparative mean values, average differences, standard divergence and Unpaired t trial values of Group A and Group B, who were treated with Muscle energy technique and Ultrasound therapy with inactive stretching.S.NOGroupMeanMEAN DEVIATIONStandard DEVIATIONt VALUE1.Group A158.076.074.503.532.Group B1525.11GRAPH-IVGRAPHICL REPRESENTATION OF POST TEST VALUES FOR GROUP A AND GROUP B digest OF RESULTS30 persons with hamstring stringency were divided into two groups. Group A were treated with musculus energy technique. Group B were treated with ultrasound with inactive stretching. Hamstringing flexibleness was measured by active articulatio genus extension trial.Statistical analysis was through with(p) by utilizing Studentt trial. Paired t trial was used to happen out the betterment within the group. Unpaired t trial was used to happen out the difference between two groups.Pairedt trialGroup A MUSCLE ENERGY TECHNIQUEUsing Paired t trial with 14 grades of freedom and 5 % at degree of significance, the deliberate t value is 30.03 which is greater than table t value 1.761.This trial showed that there is a important consequence of musculus energy technique in bettering the hams tring flexibleness in persons with hamstring stringency.Group B Ultrasound THERAPY WITH STATIC StretchingUsing Paired t trial with 14 grades of freedom and 5 % at degree of significance, the deliberate t value is 21.6 which is greater than table t value 1.761.This trial showed that there is a important consequence of ultrasound therapy with inactive stretching in bettering the hamstring flexibleness in persons with hamstring stringency.Unpairedt trialComparing pre trial values of active articulatio genus extension trial between Group A and Group BPre trial values of Group A and Group B is analysed by Unpaired t trial. The deliberate t value is 0.294 which is lesser than table t value 1.701 at 5 % degree of significance. This trial showed that there is no important difference between the consequence of musculus energy technique and ultrasound therapy with inactive stretching in bettering hamstring flexibleness in persons with hamstring stringency.Comparing station trial value s of active articulatio genus extension trial between Group A and Group BPost trial values of Group A and Group B is analysed by Unpaired t trial. The deliberate t value is 3.53 which is greater than table t value 1.701 at 5 % degree of significance. This trial showed that there is a important difference between the consequence of musculus energy technique and ultrasound therapy with inactive stretching in bettering hamstring flexibleness in persons with hamstring stringency.V.DISCUSSIONThe intent of this survey was to happen out the consequence of musculus energy technique versus ultrasound therapy with inactive stretching in bettering the hamstring flexibleness in persons with hamstring stringency.30 topics were selected who fulfilled the preset inclusive and sole standards. The topics were divided into two groups, 15 in each group. Group A underwent musculus energy technique and Group B underwent ultrasound therapy with inactive stretching.Statistical analysis utilizing Unpair ed t trial showed that there was a important difference between Muscle energy technique and ultrasound therapy with inactive stretching in bettering hamstring flexibleness in persons with hamstring stringency. Paired t trial concluded that there was a important betterment in hamstring flexibleness in both muscle energy technique and ultrasound therapy with inactive stretching, which was supported by surveies as follows.Overuse hurts in lower limbs are reduced by increasing flexibleness of hamstring musculuss. ( Donald E Hartig, 1999 )Extracting flexibleness alterations related with structural and physiological alterations influence the degree of physical activity. ( Ronald F, Zernickle 1996 )Loss of flexibleness of hamstring may take to diminish in lumbar hollow-back, decrease of musculus strength and quadriceps disfunction during pace. ( Zachazewski, 1989 )Continuous ultrasound therapy additions soft tissue extensibility and may be an effectual adjunct in the intervention of arti culatio genus contractures secondary to connective tissue shortening. Ultrasound soaking up is higher in tissues rich in protein like skeletal musculus. Continuous ultrasound therapy additions tendon and musculus length due to alter of their viscousness and malleability. ( Folconer 1992, Dyson 1987, Low and Reed1990 )Elevation of collagen tissue temperature affects on the mechanical and physical features of tissues and facilitates distortion of collagen. Therefore hurting and uncomfortableness was reduced during stretching and collagen fiber ability to digest greater force was increased. ( Coakley, 1978 )Thermal effects of ultrasound additions collagen temperature which will increase snap of tissue. Increased snap allows for an even distribution of force and reduces the emphasis on localised countries of tissues. It besides increases blood flow within the musculus. ( Warren C, Lehmann J, Stricker T, 1970, 1990 )Longer keep times during stretching of hamstring musculuss result in gre ater additions in scope of gesture. ( Feland, 2001 )Inactive stretching additions muscle length by leting musculus spindle to accommodate overtime and cease fired. It besides elicits golgi sinew response and hence provides an effectual flexibleness preparation stimulation. ( Robert and Wilson, 1999 )Addition in length of the musculus which occurs after the application of musculus energy technique consequences in effectual venous or lymphatic drainage and addition in scope of gesture. ( Ballantyne F et Al 2003 )Stated that musculus energy technique can bring forth creep and fictile alterations in the connective tissue thereby the length of the musculus can be increased. ( Ross A, Clark, 2008 )An addition in flexibleness after Muscle energy technique occurred due to biomechanical or neurophysiological alterations or due to an addition in tolerance to stretching. ( Freyer G, Richard L, Melonie A, Rieck 1993, 2003 )Addition in scope of gesture of a joint after Muscle energy technique is based on neurological mechanism via repressive golgi sinew physiological reaction. Muscle energy technique activates this physiological reaction during isometric musculus contraction. Muscle energy technique produces a stretch on golgi sinew organ and a automatic relaxation of musculus. ( Kuchera, 1997 )By station isometric relaxation, consequence of sustained contraction on Golgi sinew organ set the sinew and musculus to new musculus length by suppressing it.Muscle energy technique utilizing station isometric relaxation resulted in maximal betterment when compared to eccentric preparation on hamstring flexibleness. ( Ahmad Faheem, Ahmad Shamin, Anjani Agarwal, Begum Shabana, Ram C.S, Waseem Mohd, 2010 )Muscle energy technique utilizing station isometric relaxation significantly bettering the hamstring flexibleness ( by active articulatio genus extension trial ) in normal Indian collegiate males with hamstring stringency. ( Wassim M, 2009 )Muscle energy technique produced an immedi ate addition in inactive articulatio genus extension. This ascertained alteration is due to an increased tolerance to stretch. ( Ballantyne F, Fryer G, MC.Laughlin P, 2003 )Muscle energy technique is an active, direct technique ( prosecuting the barrier ) that promotes musculus relaxation by triping the Golgi sinew physiological reaction. ( Ward, Robert C, 1990 )The warming effects of uninterrupted ultrasound may be more effectual than not thermic belongingss of pulsed ultrasound for increasing the flexibleness of sawed-off hamstrings. ( Shadmer.A, Astaneh.H.N, 2010 )Initiation of inactive stretching exercises involves the applications of superficial ( or ) deep heat agencies which show a positive consequence to increase the hamstring flexibleness. ( Buker N. , Aslan E. , Kitis A. , Carluk U, 2008 )The additions in scope of inactive articulatio genus extension obtained in uninterrupted curative ultrasound and 30 seconds inactive stretch group were significantly greater than curative ultrasound and 15 seconds inactive stretch group in topics with tight hamstrings. ( A.Akbari, H.Moodi, A.A.Moein and R.Nazok, 2006 )The clinically practical parametric quantities of thermic ultrasound in concurrence with inactive stretching is an effectual manner of increasing hamstring extensibility but ultrasound application location did nt showed difference in increasing articulatio genus extension scope of gesture in a healthy population. ( Trae Sakiyo Tashiro,2003 )The continuance of 30 seconds of stretching is an effectual clip of heightening the flexibleness of the hamstring musculuss. ( Bandy WD, Irion JM, 1995 )Inactive stretching is one of the safest and most normally performed stretching methods used to mensurate musculus length. ( C.D.Weijer, 2003 )Inactive stretch of 30 seconds at a frequence of individual session is sufficient to increase the musculus length. ( William D Bandy, 1996 )Inactive stretching may be effectual in increasing the length of musculus due to the drawn-out stretching which allows the musculus spindle to accommodate over clip and cease fire. ( Gordon and Ghez, 1991 )Muscle energy technique activates golgi sinews organ and bring forth a automatic relaxation of musculus. Ultrasound therapy increases the collagen temperature and increases the snap of tissue. Inactive stretching addition musculus length by leting musculus spindle to accommodate overtime and cease fire and besides elicits golgi tendon response.This survey concluded that musculus energy technique showed greater betterment in hamstring flexibleness than ultrasound therapy with inactive stretching in persons with hamstring stringency.V1.SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONThe purpose of this survey was to happen out the consequence of musculus energy technique versus ultrasound therapy with inactive stretching in bettering the hamstring flexibleness in single with hamstring stringency.30 topics were selected in the age group between 18-25 old ages after due consideration of inclus ion and exclusion standards. The topics were allotted into two groups.Group A received musculus energy technique and Group B received ultrasound therapy with inactive stretching. Hamstringing flexibleness was measured by active articulatio genus extension trial. The values of result steps were recorded before the beginning of intervention government Day1 and at the terminal of intervention government Day7.Statistical analysis was done by utilizing Student t trial. Paired t trial was used to happen out the betterment within the group. Unpaired t trial was used to happen out the difference between two groups.The consequences showed that there was a important difference between musculus energy technique and ultrasound therapy with inactive stretching in bettering the hamstring flexibleness in persons with hamstring stringency.This survey concluded that musculus energy technique is more effectual than ultrasound therapy with inactive stretching in bettering the hamstring flexibleness in persons with hamstring stringency.VII.LIMITATION AND RECOMMENDATIONThis survey is a short term survey, it is hence necessary to make a long term survey to do the consequence more valid.Hamstringing flexibleness can besides recorded by inactive articulatio genus extension trial.Sample examine was little and the survey reduces the generalising ability hence survey with a much larger population is recommended.Surveies aimed to happen out the consequence of musculus energy technique ( by utilizing station isometric relaxation ) with other electrotherapy modes such as hot battalion, short moving ridge diathermy and with other techniques like PNF, Irish rolled oats s grip straight leg rise technique, mutual suppression, etc can be conducted for farther research.

Igno †Management of Human Resources Essay

1.Borderless world, Diversity Management, and Knowledge power, are some of the overarching factors being encountered by the Human Resource Mangers of 21st century duty world. How do they affect the dynamics of Human Resource Management in todays organizations? Explain with examples from the organization you are familiar with or have been working for. short describe the organization, you are referring to.2.Each employee in an organization performs various roles. Role perception of a manager and an employee make a complex web as they interact.Elaborate this statement in the light of socialisation factors in organizational socialization process. Outline the importance of initial transmission line socialization on the employee and the organization. Explain with the help of your personal experience and organizational experience with respect to the above concepts.Explain the situation and describe the organization, you are referring to.3. Consider capableness Appraisal, Assessment Cent res, and Career and Succession Planning in an organizational context. Describe the dynamics of these concepts, their interactional outcomes, and impact on overall functioning and management of the organization. set up down your experience with respect to the dynamics of these factors in totality as seen by you in an organizational situation or the situations which you are familiar with.Briefly describe the situation and the organization, you are referring to.4.How do you see the role, presence, necessity, and impact of Mentoring and Performance Coaching in organizational situations in Indian context in world-wide? Critically describe the experience the organizations have with respect to these concepts, their applicability, effectiveness and prospect. You may like to compare few organizations you have known or familiar with or even you can come out with your own experience in organizational context. Describe the context, and the organization you are referring to.

Mba, Human Resources, Finance, Accounting

Head Office 184 186 188 Nguyen Dinh chieu St, Ward 06, Dist. 03, HCMC, Vietnam Tel (84. 8) 930 0358 Fax (84. 8) 930 5206 www. vina take out. com. vn yearbook Report 2007 Content Vision and Mission Statements death chairs Message corporal Profile Corpo post Structure direction Reporting Structure plug-in of direction plug-in of coachs 03 04 10 16 18 22 24 focal point Committee Corporate Governance Risk Management Business Review Investor Relations Community Activities Financial Contents 26 30 34 36 54 56 58 this is WHO WE ARE VISIONVinamilk will be the fastest and sustain up to(p) growing healthy dairy and sustenance union by building a long-term competitive advantaged harvesting portfolio across the exceed. MISSION Vinamilk march ons to expand its subsisting geographical coverage and product portfolios to confine its sustainably dominant position in the local marketplace fanny and maximizing its plow laster value. chaIrWOMaNS MeSSage V inamilk is the leading d airy & swallow company and also star of the 5 largest companies in term of market capital listed in Vietnam. The smear Vinamilk, with its coarse market persona and position, has gone into consumers mind. Vinamilks conk out products ar designed to aver the community a healthy and beautiful life. Despite the difficult category of 2007 much(prenominal)(prenominal) as dickens-digit inflation, inputs like milk powder and sugar rapidly increased in price, and severe competition with imported products, Vinamilk still kept its quick emersion, ensuring shareowners profits. Earning per share (EPS) of the year was VND5,607/share, increased by 35% as compared to that of 2006 (VND4,150/share).The friendship has been firmly revising its melody strategies and merchandise activities with its gross revenue team being comport by modern tools and trained with nobleer(prenominal) professionalism for its sustainable long-term t developlying. The company continues building new dairy factories and expanding the existing ones in Can except, Da Nang and Hanoi, as well as proceeding with the dairy farm projects. In addition to the key business, Vinamilk keep seeking opportunities for external investment to maximize profits and increase play alongs shareholder value.Financial results The alliances turnover and profit make water been steadily sort magnitude during the cardinal victorive days since its equitization in 2003. The followings are the basic figures of 2007 and 2006 In VND billion salary revenue Profit after tax 2007 6,649 963 2006 6,246 660 % increase/ (decrease) 6. 5% 46% Besides the major export market of Iraq, the Company focuses on strengthening the heading of its products in other countries like Cambodia, the U. S, Philippines etc. Dividends Given the good results for 2007, the mature recommends for shareholders approval a total dividened for the year of VND 2. 00 per VND 10. 000 par-value share (equivalent to 29% on share par-value). T his is a 52. 6% increase over last years normal after-tax dividend of VND1,900 per share. This marks the fourth year on increase in the salary of the normal dividends to shareholders 2004 15% 2005 17% 2006 19% and 2007 29% as proposed and highlights the Companys sustainable evolution. Vinamilk has the financial, human resource strengths and over 30 years of exprerience to compass the substantial growth in line with its vision and mission. Vinamilk commits to provide healthy products to achieve a beautiful lifestyle for our community.Vinamilk also strongly believes in increasing our shareholder value by growth. Barring unforeseen circumstances, it is the senesces intention to maintain the after-tax dividend at not less than the normal after-tax dividend of the previous year. However, in any given year, the actual payout will need to take into account the Companys consolidated earnings outlook and plans for new investments to control Companys sustainable growth. Overseas listin g Plan Vinamilk is downstairs consultancy and working with relevant agencies to be listed in Singapore Stock Exchange (SGX) in 2008 with a new issue of 5% of its existing share capital.This overseas listing shall land Vinamilk into international market, aligning with the top food & beverage groups in the region. This is considered an sign step to raise capital from international financial market for the Companys expanding strategies. With this listing event in international market, Vinamilk has been, step-by-step, applying standards, corporate governance as requested SGX and other international oecumenicly accepted principles and practices, which provide strong assurance of its good financial prudence and transparency. ck instantlyledgements On behalf of Vinamilk, I would like to establish my sincere gratitude to our customers, our business partners and government agencies for their trust and support, which give significant contribution to Vinamilk s strong and sustainable succ ess . I wish you all success in work and in business, and hope to expand our cooperation. I would like to thank to more than 4,000 Vinamilk employees for your effective contribution, and I hope that you will strengthen your office to lead Vinamilk to more success in the future.With good capital punishment from previous years, I strongly believe that Vinamilk will continue its strong and sustainable growth in the following years. The Company has been putting newly completed and expanded projects in use and diversifying our product portfolios to meet all reasonable customers needs and simultaneously to increase more and more for Vinamilk shareholder value. Ho Chi Minh city, 15th March 2008 MaI KIeU LIeN Chairwoman ENJOY LIFE Corporate Profile 10 A n n u a l R e p o r t 2 0 0 7 11 cOrPOrate PrOFILe Significant events in our business are chastise out below 1976 .Our Company was founded Company, a beneath the name of Southern java-Dairy subsidiary of the General Food Directorate a nd had six factories in operation, namely Thong Nhat Dairy Factory, Truong Tho Dairy Factory, Dielac Factory, Bien Hoa Coffee Factory, Bich Chi Powder Factory and Lubico. 1978 . The management of our Company was transferred to the Ministry of Food Industry and our Company was renamed fall in Enterprises of milk Coffee Cookies and Candies I. 1988 .. Introduced pulverised milk and cereal with milk powder at the premier time in Vietnam. 991 . Launched UHT milk and spoon yoghourt to Vietnam market. 1992 . The United Enterprises of draw Coffee Cookies and Candies I was form-only(prenominal)ly renamed Vietnam Dairy Company and came under the direct management of the Ministry of Light Industry. We started focusing on the manufacturing and motioning of dairy products. 1994 . Hanoi Dairy Factory was create in expansion and market Hanoi as part of our Companys phylogenesis strategy to cater to the market in the northern region of Vietnam. 12 A n n u a l R e p o r t 0 0 7 1996 . Binh Dinh Dairy phrase Venture Enterprise was founded as the result of our joint punt with Dong Lanh Quy Nhon Joint Stock Company. This joint venture enabled our Company to successfully gain inlet to the market in the middle region of Vietnam. 2005 .. Entered into a joint venture agreement with SABMiller Asia B. V. and established SABMiller Vietnam Joint Venture Company Ltd. in distinguished 2005. Our first joint venture product, Zorok, was also launched in the first half of 2007. 2000 . CanTho Dairy Factory, which 2006 .. Vinamilk 50. 01% was listed on the HOSE on 19 January 2006 with the SCIC holding or so of our Companys shareholdings. Opened An Khang Clinic in Ho Chi Minh metropolis in June 2006. This is the first clinic in Vietnam managed by a sophisticated electronic management system. The clinic hold outs a diverse pasture of services such as nutritional consulting, gynecology testing, pediatrics consulting and health screening. is located in Tra Noc Industrial Zone, Can T ho City was built to better meet the demands of consumers in the Mekong Delta.In the same year, we set up the Logistics and Warehouse Enterprise located in 32 Dang Van Bi St. , Ho Chi Minh City. 2003 . Was formally converted into a joint stock company in celestial latitude 2003 and changed its name to Vietnam Dairy Products Joint Stock Company to reflect its change in status. 2004 . Acquired Saigon Milk Joint Stock Company. Increased capital to VND 1,590 billion Commenced our dairy cow farms program with the acquisition of Tuyen Quang dairy farm, a small scale farm with 1,400 heads of cows in November hare 2005 .. Bought over partners in our Binh joint Dinh 2006. The Tuyen Quang dairy farm was operational at the time of acquisition. venture remaining shareholdings Dairy Products Company Ltd (as Binh Dinh Dairy Factory was then known) and inaugurated Nghe An Dairy Factory, located in Cua Lo Industrial Zone, Nghe An province, on 30 June 2005. 2007. Acquired a 55% involvement in Lam S on Milk Company Ltd. in kinfolk 2007, located in Le Mon Industrial Zone, Thanh Hoa province. 13 cOrPOrate PrOFILe aWarDS aND accOLaDeSOur Company, our factories, our products and the Vinamilk brand, as the case may be, piss received a lot of awards, some of which are Date/Period 1985 1991 1996 2000 2001 2005 2005 2006 Each year from 1995 2007 award Labour thread of ternary Ranking Labour Medal of Second Ranking Labour Medal of First Ranking Hero of Labour Labour Medal of Third Ranking Independence Medal of Third Ranking Labour Medal of Third Ranking Supreme Cup for Vietnamese goods of high quality and prestige Top brand in the Top Ten High-quality Vietnamese Goods awarding authority hot seat of Vietnam President of Vietnam President of Vietnam President of Vietnam President of Vietnam President of Vietnam President of Vietnam Intellectual Property Association and Association of Small & Medium Enterprises, Vietnam Saigon merchandise revolutionaryspaper readers choice In recog nition of her long term contributions to the development of the Vietnamese dairy industriousness and the development of Vietnam, our Chairwoman, Madam Mai Kieu Lien, was awarded the following prestigious awards and titles Date/Period 2001 2005 2005 2006 award Labour medal of Second ranking First estimate for Creativity Year 2004 Hero of Labour Labour medal of First ranking awarding authority President of Vietnam World Intellectual Property transcription President of Vietnam President of Vietnam 14 A n n u a l R e p o r t 2 0 0 7 cOrPOrate StrUctUreVIetNaM DaIrY PrODUctS JOINt StOcK cOMPaNY carbon% 100% 55% 50% INterNatIONaL legitimate eState VIetNaM DaIrY cOW LaM SON DaIrY SaBMILLer JV 16 A n n u a l R e p o r t 2 0 0 7 Details of our subsidiaries and joint venture as at 31 celestial latitude 2007 are as follows Name Date / country of incorporation Principal Business Share capital % owned International Real terra firma 12 December 2006 / Vietnam Housing business, real estate br okerage and leasing, warehouse and dock leasing VND160 billion 100% Vietnam Dairy Cow 14 December 2006 / Vietnam demeanor of dairy cow, mixed cultivation and breeding, sale and bargain for of alive animals VND100 billion 100% Lam Son Dairy 6 February 2007 / Vietnam Production and trade of transcribed milk, powdered milk and other dairy products, baby food, cake, soy milk, beverages, dairy cow breeding, trade of technology and equipment, raw materials VND80 billion 55% SABMiller JV 30 June 2006 / Vietnam Production and trade of beer and US$13. 5 trillion other fruit flavoured beverages with ( approximately low alcoholic ratio VND217 billion) 50% 17 MaNageMeNt rePOrtINg StrUctUre SharehOLDerS MeetINg bestride OF MaNageMeNt beingwide DIrectOr DePUtY geNeraL DIrectOr OF raW MaterIaLS ripening DePUtY geNeraL DIrectOr OF PrODUctION PLaNNINg & IM-eXPOrt DePUtY geNeraL DIrectOr/ FINaNce DIrectOrDIrectOr OF DIrectOr OF raW VIetNaM MaterIaLS DaIrY cOW ONeDeVeLOP MeNt MeMBer LtD. ,CO P rODUc tION PLaNNINg DIrectOr IMeXPOrt DIrectOr DIrectOr OF r&D ceNter point accOUNt aNt PLaNNINg DIrectOr INVeSt MeNt DIrectOr It DIrectOr cONStrUctION DIrectOr M&e DIrectOr 18 A n n u a l R e p o r t 2 0 0 7 followup cOMMIttee INterNaL aUDIt DIrectOr DePUtY geNeraL DIrectOr/ PrOJect DIrectOr DePUtY geNeraL DIrectOr OF SALES, MARKETING & cUStOMer DeVeLOPMeNt tech. DIrectOr DIrectOr OF INt. reaL eState ONeMeMBer LtD. , cO MKt DIrectOr cUStOM er DeVeLOP MeNt DIrectOr BraNch DIrectOr SaLeS DIrectOr hr DIrectOr aDMIN DIrectOr DIrectOr OF aN KhaNg cLINIcDIrectOr OF DePOt DIrectOr OF FactOrY 19 20 A n n u a l R e p o r t 2 0 0 7 TASTY 21 BOarD OF MaNageMeNt from top to screw Ms Mai Kieu Lien Ms Ngo Thi Thu Trang Mr Dominic Scriven Mr Hoang Nguyen Hoc Mr Wang Eng lift 22 A n n u a l R e p o r t 2 0 0 7 MS MaI KIeU LIeN Chairwoman, General Director H as been the Chairwoman of our notice of Management since 14 November 2003. From August 1976 to August 1980, she was an engineer in te ar down of the condensed milk production at Truong Tho Dairy Factory. mingled with September 1980 and February 1982, she was a technology engineer in the Technical department of the United Enterprises of Milk Coffee Cookies and Candies I.She served as a vice technical theater director in peak of production at Thong Nhat Dairy Factory from February 1982 to June 1983. After finishing her training at Economic University of Leningrad in the former Soviet Union ( before long Russia), in July 1984 Ms Lien was appointed lieutenant general director of the United Enterprises of Milk Coffee Cookies and Candies I. In December 1992, she was promoted to general director of Vietnam Dairy Products Company. On 14 November 2003, she was elected chairwoman of the Board of Management and thereafter appointed as General Director of our Company. Ms Lien receive from Moscow University of kernel and Milk Processing, Russia with a bachelor of science storey in 1976.She holds a Certificate of Economi c Management from University of Economy, Russia, and a Certificate of Government Management from subject area Political Institute, Vietnam. MS NgO thI thU traNg Member, deputy General Director, CFO Mr DOMINIc ScrIVeN Member Has been a element of our Board of Management since 14 November 2003, and Deputy General Director and Finance Director of our Company since March 2005. Ms Trang joined our Company in 1985 as a financial analyst, and in January 1995 she became a Vice music director in the Accounting-Statistics department of the Vietnam Dairy Products Company. She held this position until December 1997 and served for a brief time mingled with January 1998 and February 1998 as the Head of the AccountingStatistic department.Between February 1998 and March 2005, Ms Trang held the position of the pass Accountant in charge of the Accounting department of the Vietnam Dairy Products Company. In March 2005, she was appointed deputy general director and finance director. Ms Trang cal ibrated from the Finance-Accounting University, Ho Chi Minh City, with a bach of Arts degree majoring in report and finance in 1984. She also holds a conquer of Business plaque degree from the Open University, Ho Chi Minh City. Has been a penis of our Board of Management since 31 March 2005. From 1985 to 1986, Mr Scriven was an assistant to the board of directors at M&G Investment Management where he assisted the board in matters relating to investments in the atomic number 63an and Asia regions.Between 1986 and 1988, he was a consultant at the investment banking arm of Citigroup where he assisted in the ground up and consulting for three investment funds, namely Thailand Fund, Seoul International Trust and Korea International Trust. Mr Scriven held the position of director in charge of investment at Sun Hung Kai Investment Fund between 1989 and 1991. He posterior joined Peregrine Corporation where he oversaw the capital market development. He co-founded Dragon chapiter Grou p Limited in 1994 and currently holds the position of managing director. Mr Scriven graduated from the University of Exeter in 1985 with a Combined Honour degree in Laws and Sociology.He was awarded the company Of The British Empire (OBe) in the Queen Elizabeth IIs 2006 New Years Honours List. Mr hOaNg NgUYeN hOc Member Mr WaNg eNg chIN Member Has been a member of our Board of Management since 4 November 2006. Prior to being appointed to our Board of Management, Mr Hoc had extensive pose within the Ministry of Finance of Vietnam. From October 1999 to June 2003, Mr Hoc was a deputy director in the department for state-owned enterprises financial management. He was appointed as Deputy General Director of the State Capital Investment Corporation in January 2008. Mr Hoc holds a Master of Business Administration degree from Ha Noi National University. Has been a member of our Board of Management since 31 March 2007.Between 1987 and 1988, Mr Wang worked as a corporate development execu tive with Cold Storage (S) Pte Ltd. He was a manager, Plain Heaven Cold Storage (S) Pte Ltd from 1988 to 1991. Mr Wang joined F&N Foods Pte Ltd as a general gross sales manager in 1991 and held this position until 1997. Between 1997 and 2003, he served as a deputy general manager at F&N Foods Pte Ltd and F&N Dairies (M) Sdn Bhd. In 2003, he became a general manager responsible for general management of F&N Foods Pte Ltd and F&N Vietnam Foods and held this position until September 2006. On 1 October 2006, he was appointed acting chief executive officer in charge of general management of the Food & Beverage Division, Fraser & Neave Group.He graduated from University of Mississippi, USA, in 1984 with a Bachelor of Business Administration and in 1987 with a Master of Business Administration. 23 BOarD OF DIrectOrS from left to right Ms Nguyen Thi Thanh Hoa Ms Mai Kieu Lien Mr Tran Minh Van Ms Nguyen Thi Nhu Hang Mr Tran Bao Minh Ms Ngo Thi Thu Trang MS MaI KIeU LIeN General Director MS NgUYeN thI thaNh hOa Deputy General Director Mr traN BaO MINh Deputy General Director (See Board of Management for imformation about Ms Mai Kieu Lien) MS NgO thI thU traNg Deputy General Director, CFO (See Board of Management for imformation about Ms Ngo Thi Thu Trang) Has been a Deputy General Director of our Company since 2000.Between September 1978 and June 1983, Ms Hoa was a lecturer at the Foodstuff and Process & Equipment departments at the Ho Chi Minh Polytechnic University. She later joined our Company in July 1983 as a process engineer at Truong Tho Dairy Factory. Ms Hoa held the positions of deputy director and then director in charge of overall operation of Truong Tho Dairy Factory from July 1991 to 1999. From January 2005, Ms Hoa is a deputy general director of Vietnam Dairy Products Company. She is currently in charge of planning, import, export and research and development of our Company. Ms Hoa graduated from Milk Processing Technology University, Moscow, in 1978 wit h a Bachelor degree in Milk Processing Technology.Mr Minh joined PepsiCo Vietnam in September 1997 as a marketing manager and was promoted to marketing director in August 2001 where he was in charge of the formulation, management and execution of marketing strategies for PepsiCos six leading brands in Vietnam, namely Pepsi, 7-Up, Mirinda, Aquafina, Twister and Sting. He was later transferred to PepsiCos headquarters in New York in February 2004 where he held the position of global Pepsi institution director and led Pepsis global product and packaging innovation agenda. Between April 2005 and August 2005, Mr Minh was seconded to PepsiCo Thailand as marketing director in charge of formulating Pepsis marketing strategy in Thailand for non-carbonated beverages.From August 2005 to September 2006, 24 A n n u a l R e p o r t 2 0 0 7 Mr traN MINh VaN Deputy General Director MS NgUYeN thI NhU haNg Deputy General Director he served as marketing director of PepsiCos Asia Pacific business uni t where he managed PepsiCos Mountain Dew, 7-Up and Mirinda brands of beverages for the Asia Pacific region. Mr Minh joined Vinamilk in Octocber 2006 as Deputy General Director in charge of Sales, Marketing and Customer Development. Mr Minh graduated from the Ho Chi Minh City University of Economics in 1991 with a Bachelor of Arts majoring in business planning and obtained a know in Commerce degree from the University of Western Sydney in 1996.As a testament to his contribution to PepsiCo, he was awarded the Asia Pacific Region Marketer of the Year award in 2002 and Top Performance Marketer in the Asia Pacific Region award in 2003 by PepsiCo. Has been a Deputy General Director of our Company since July 2006. Between 1990 and July 1994, Mr Van was a deputy director assisting the director of Thong Nhat Dairy Factory. In August 1994, he was appointed director of the Thong Nhat Dairy Factory and continued to hold this position until June 2006. He was appointed Deputy General Director in charge of the Project department of our Company in July 2006. Mr Van graduated from Ho Chi Minh City Polytechnic University in 1981 with an engineering degree. He obtained Bachelor in Business Administration from Ho Chi Minh City University of Economics in 1994, a LLB degree (with major in commercial laws) from Ha Noi University of Laws in 2001, and a Master in Business Administration from Ho Chi Minh City University of Economics in 2003. Ms Hang first joined our Company in 1981 where she held the position of deputy manager in the consumption department until 2001. She was later promoted to the position of director in August 2001 where she was in charge of managing the Warehouse Enterprise until December 2002. Ms Hang was promoted to deputy general director in January 2003 where she was and still is in charge of the technical project department. She is also in charge of managing and developing dairy farms that supply raw milk to the Company. In July 2007, Ms Hang was appointed dire ctor of Vietnam Dairy Cow Limited Company with One Member, a subsidiary of our Company.Ms Hang graduated from the Ho Chi Minh City University of Economics in 1994 with a bachelor degree in business organization. 25 INSPectION cOMMIttee MS Le thI KIM aNh Member Mr NgUYeN VIet cUONg Head of Inspection Committee MS NgUYeN thI tUYet MaI Member Between August 2001 and December 2004, she worked as a senior auditor at PricewaterhouseCoopers Vietnam Limited. She joined VietFund Management in December 2004 as a portfolio manager for Vietnam Growth Investment Fund (VF2). Ms Kim Anh graduated from the University of Economics, Ho Chi Minh City, with a bachelor degree majoring in accounting and auditing. Mr Cuong began his career at KPMG Vietnam in 1998 until 2002 as a senior auditor.Between 2003 and 2004, he was a management accountant at Unilever Bestfoods Vietnam where he was responsible for internal management reporting for food business of Unilever Vietnam. In 2004, he joined VinaCapital Group and now being a deputy managing director in charge of managing the portfolio for Vietnam prospect Fund. Mr Cuong was elected head of our Companys Inspection Committee in December 2003. He graduated from the University of Economics, Ho Chi Minh City, with a bachelor degree in stintings majoring in banking in 1994. Mr Cuong is holding an ACCA certificate issued by the Association of Chartered Certified Accountant, United Kingdom.From 1993 to 1997, Ms Mai held the position of manager at ANZ Bank, Ha Noi Branch where she was responsible for trade finance and corporate banking relationship management. Between 1999 and 2003, she was a manager at ANZ Bank, Singapore Branch where her experience cover relationship management for the corporate banking division, international banking strategy, structure commodity, trade finance and Asian region deferred payment management. From 2004 to May 2007, she served as senior manager at the representative office of Openasia Consulting Ltd in Ho Chi Minh City. In June 2007, she was promoted to the position of director of corporate finance in charge of consulting services at Openasia Consulting Vietnam Ltd.Ms Mai graduated from the Ha Noi University for Foreign Language Studies in 1991 with a bachelor degree majoring in English and obtained a master degree in business administration from the University of Melbourne in 1999. 26 A n n u a l R e p o r t 2 0 0 7 27 28 A n n u a l R e p o r t 2 0 0 7 HEALTHY 29 cOPOrate gOVerNaNce Our Directors recognize the importance of corporate governance and the offering of high standards of responsibility to our Shareholders. a. Board of Management Matters the Boards conduct and its affairs The Company should be leaded by an effective Board to lead and fit the Company. The Board is collectively responsible for the success of the Company. To facilitate effective management, certain ladders have been delegated by the Board to miscellaneous Board Committees.The Board Committees operate und er clearly defined terms and reference. The Board conducts meeting on a quarterly basis during the year. Ad-hoc meetings are convened when circumstances required. The meetings can be conducted by pith of telephone conference or other methods of simultaneous communication by electronic or telegraphic means. Every member of the Board should be able to obtain independent advice and use independent judgement when making decisions. Inspection Committee is also informed and invited to attend the Boards meetings. A genius of the Directors attendances at the Board level meetings during the financial year ended 31 December 2007 is disclose as follows Seq. 2 3 4 5 Name of Director Ms Mai Kieu Lien Ms Ngo Thi Thu Trang Mr Hoang Nguyen Hoc Mr Dominic Scriven Mr Wang Eng Chin No. of meetings 5 5 5 5 5 attendance 5 5 5 5 5 Board composition and Balance There should be a strong and independent element on the Board, which is able to exercise objective judegement on corporate affairs independentl y from Management. No individual or small group of individuals should be allowed to dominate the Boards decision making. The Board has maintained a strong and independent element, with three out of five directors being independent. The Board comprises of the following members executive Directors Ms Mai Kieu Lien Ms Ngo Thi Thu Trang ChairwomanNon executive Directors Mr Hoang Nguyen Hoc Mr Dominic Scriven Mr Wang Eng Chin The profiles of the directors are set out on page 22 of this annual report. Vinamilk has a good relaxation of directors who have extensive business, financial, accounting and management experience. The objective judgement of the independent and non-executive directors on corporate affairs and their experience and contributions are valuable to Vinamilk. 30 A n n u a l R e p o r t 2 0 0 7 Board Membership There should be a formal and transparent process for the appointment of new directors to the Board. Any nomination of new directors should go through a formal sele ction process the Board should appoint the new director and then he should be officially nominated by the Annual General Meeting (AGM).Board Performance There should be a formal assessment of the effective of the Board as a whole and the contribution of each Director to the effectiveness of the Board. access of Information Board members are provided with adequate and timely information prior to Board meetings and on an on-going basis to enable them to work their duties. The Board of Directors provides with adequate and timely information as well as a review of Vinamilks performance prior to the Board meetings. The Board has separate and independent access to Vinamilk s senior management and secretary, should they have any queries on the affairs of Vinamilk . A notice of meeting, which contains agenda, is issued to the Board prior each Board meeting.Vinamilks secretaries attend all the Board meetings and are responsible for ensuring that Board surgical processs are followed and tha t applicable rules and regulations are complied with. The Companys secretaries are Mr Nguyen Thanh Tu Ms Le Quang Thanh Truc (Administration Director) (Financial Investment Manager) B. remuneration Matters remuneration Policy The Remuneration Committee reviews and recommends to the Board an appropriate and competitive framework of remuneration for the Board. A formal and transparent procedure is employ when setting the remuneration packages of individual directors. No director is involved in deciding his own remuneration.The composition of the Remuneration Committee is as follows Mr Dominic Scriven Mr Wang Eng Chin Ms Vu Bich Nghia (Chairman, Non-Executive Director) (Member, Non-Executive Director) (Member, Human Resources Director) The Remuneration Committee recommends to the Board for endorsement a framework of remuneration for key executives, specific remuneration packages for each member of the Board of Management, Chairwoman and General Director. 31 cOPOrate gOVerNaNce Level a nd Mix of remuneration The level of remuneration should be appropriate to attract, refrain and motivate the directors needed to spend Vinamilk successfully but Vinamilk should avoid paying more than is necessary for this purpose.A proportion of remuneration should be ground on corporate and individual performance. In setting remuneration packages, the Remuneration Committee takes into consideration pay and employment conditions within industry and in comparable companies, the relative performance of Vinamilk as a whole, as well as individual Directors and key executives. An annual performance incentive plan has been implemented for all employees. Directors fees, Inspection Committees fees were approved by shareholders at Vinamilks Annual General Meeting for the financial ended 31 December 2007 as follows Fee/month (VND million) Board Chairwoman Board Members Inspection Committee Chairman Inspection Committee Members 13 7 8 6Performance bonus framework for the Board of Management and Board of Directors was approved by shareholders at Vinamilks Annual General Meeting for the financial ended 31 December 2007 as follows If achieving the orchestrateed profit after tax 0. 1% on profit after tax. Exceeding the targeted profit after tax additional 20% of the exceeding targeted profit after tax. Disclosure of remuneration The remuneration of directors is set out below FY 2007 Board of Management Ms Mai Kieu Lien Ms Ngo Thi Thu Trang Mr Hoang Nguyen Hoc Mr Dominic Scriven Mr Wang Eng Chin Board of Directors Mai Kieu Lien Ngo Thi Thu Trang Nguyen Thi Thanh Hoa Nguyen Thi Nhu Hang Tran Minh Van Tran Bao Minh Notes A Below VND3 billion B From and above VND3 billion.B A A A A B A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A FY2006 32 A n n u a l R e p o r t 2 0 0 7 The amounts paid to the members of the Board of Management and the Board of Directors include the bonus determined in the manner described under Labour Contracts Performance Bonus for members of the Board of Managem ent and the Board of Directors c. accountability and audit Financial reporting The Board is accountable to the shareholders while the Management is accountable to the Board. The Board should present a balanced and understandable assessment of Vinamilks position and prospects in the annual accounts and other reports such as interim reports to regulators.The Board meeting is held on a quarterly basis to review Vinamilks performance and quarterly summerised financial report is submitted to Ho Chi Minh City Stock Exchange (HOSE). Annual General Meetings are held every year to obtain shareholders approval of routine business. indispensable controls The Board should ensure that the Management maintains a sound system of internal controls to safeguard Vinamilks assets and shareholders investments. With the assistance of the Internal Auditors, the Board and the Inspection Committee reviews the effectiveness of the key internal controls and ensures that the necessary corrective actions are taken on a timely basis.There are formal procedures in place for both internal and external auditors to report independently conclusions and recommendations to Management and Inspection Committee. Internal audit Vinamilk should establish an internal audit function that is independent of the activities it audits. Vinamilk appointed Internal Audit Director and established its internal audit function in September 2005. The key scope of internal audit is Review the effectiveness of Vinamilks internal controls Provide assurance that key business and operational fortunes are identified and managed Internal controls are in place and functioning as intended and Operations are conducted in an effective and efficient manner.The Internal Audit Director reports directly to General Director. communication with Shareholders Vinamilk on a regular basis communicates with its shareholders, striving for timeliness and transparency in its disclosure to shareholders and the public. Regular meetings an d dialogues are held with investors, analysts, fund managers, and press. When material information is disseminated to HOSE, such information is simultaneously posted on the Companys website at www. vinamilk. com. vn Vinamilk encourages shareholder participation at its annual general meetings and gives shareholders the opportunity to communicate their views on matters effecting Vinamilk. 33 ISK MaNageMeNt Foreign up-to-dateness risk Foreign currency risk arises when there is a mismatch of funding foreign currency dominated assets with liabilities of the same currency. The exposure to foreign currency risk in this aspect was not significant in 2007, but may have a significant impact on Vinamilk s performance in the coming years. Vinamilk always consider using appropriate financial instruments, as and when necessary, to lower this risk. Liquidity risk Vinamilk s exposure to mobileity risk arises in general funding of Vinamilk s business activities. It includes the risks of being a ble to fund business activities in a timely manner.Vinamilk adopts a prudent cost to managing its liquidity risk by maintaining sufficient cash and marketable securities, and has available funding through a diverse source of committed and uncommitted doctrine facilities from various banks. As at 31 December 2007, Vinamilk s net borrowings are as follows 2007 Cash and cash equivalent Borrowings Net borrowings 114 42 2006 157 60 credit risk Vinamilk s maximum exposure to credit risk in the event that the customers fail to perform their obligations as at 31 December 2007 in relation to accounts receivable is its carrying amount as indicated in the balance sheet. Vinamilk has policies in place to ensure that sales of products are made to customers with an appropriate credit history. eliance on Key Management Personnel Although we are not dependent on any one person in our Board of Management or our Board of Directors, our success depends to a significant extent on the skills, capabil ities and efforts of our Board of Management and our Board of Directors, as well as our ability to recruit and retain appropriately skilled personnel to take up positions on these Boards. Our ability to continue to attract, retain and motivate key personnel and senior members of our Board of Management and Board of Directors will have an impact upon our operations. The competition for skilled and highly-capable personnel is intense, and the loss of the services of one or more of these individuals, without adequate replacements or the inability to attract new qualified personnel at a reasonable cost, would have a material adverse effect upon our financial performance and operations.To mitigate this risk, Vinamilk has been employing remuneration policy to maintain and attract the talents. export Market risk We currently export our products to Iraq, Thailand and other countries in Asia and Europe. Demand for our products depends on the political and economic stability of these countri es. As Iraq is one of our major export countries, any social, political or economic upheaval in the country may materially adversely affect our operation results. Vinamilk has been focusing on its local market which is considered as its main market. Simultaneously, Vinamilk is also looking for other potential export markets to mitigate the risk. 34 A n n u a l R e p o r t 2 0 0 7 35 BUSINeSS OVerVIeWSince we commenced operations in 1976, we have built strong brand name recognition for our dairy products in Vietnam. Our Vinamilk brand is currently a astray recognised dairy brand in Vietnam. 36 A n n u a l R e p o r t 2 0 0 7 Vietnam Dairy Industry Overview Fuelled by the impressive economic growth in the past decade, the dairy industry in Vietnam has experienced rapid growth in recent years. Coinciding with approachs in living standards in Vietnam, the more far-flung availability and affordability of production technologies, and vast improvements in infrastructure have led to an ov erall increase in the variety, quality and volume of dairy products produced in Vietnam.The market has also experienced an influx of foreign multinational companies. Total dairy product sales in Vietnam have grown by 53. 6% from approximately US$418 million in 2003 to reach approximately US$642 million in 2007. The following chart sets forth total dairy product sales in Vietnam between 2003 and 2007. 2003 2007 total dairy product sales in Vietnam (US$ million) 642 530 418 472 589 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Source Euromonitor International This strong growth in demand for dairy products is expect to continue on the back of strong GDP growth, a growing urban population with heightened disposable income and an increased awareness about the health benefits of dairy products.Euromonitor International estimates that total annual consumption of dairy products in Vietnam to grow from approximately US$1,332 million in 2007 to reach approximately US$1,902 million by 2011. These factors should contribute to a significant increase in Vietnams very low per capita consumption of dairy products compared to Western countries. The below chart compares Vietnams per capita consumption of dairy products to Asia, Europe and North America between 2003 and 2007. 436 461 382 331 407 192 201 214 225 229 11 25 2003 12 27 2004 13 29 2005 14 32 2006 Europe 16 35 2007 Vietnam Asia North America Source Euromonitor International 37 VINaMILK We are the leading producer of dairy products in Vietnam based on sales volume and revenue.Our products lean from core dairy products such as liquid and powdered milk, to value-added dairy products such as condensed milk, drinking and spoon yoghourt, ice cream, and cheese. We offer one of the largest dairy portfolios in Vietnam, across a wide selection of products, flavours, and packaging sizes. According to Euromonitor, Vinamilk has been the number 1 dairy player in Vietnam for the three years ending 31 December 2007. 38 A n n u a l R e p o r t 2 0 0 7 Since commencing operation in 1976 we have built the largest diffusion network in Vietnam and have leveraged our network to submit new products to the market, such as juices, soya milk, bottled drinking water and coffee.We market the majority of our products under our Vinamilk brand, which has been designated as both a Famous Brand and one of the Top 100 Strongest Brands by the Vietnamese Ministry of Industry and Trade in 2006. We have also been voted the top brand in the Top Ten High-quality Vietnamese Goods for each year between 1995 to 2007. We currently focus on business activities in the fast growing Vietnamese dairy market, which according to Euromonitor has grown at a CAGR of 7. 85% from 1997 to 2007, and produce the majority of our products at our nine operational production facilities with a combined capacity of 570,406 tonnes per annum. We have the leading distribution network in Vietnam, freehanded us broad access to consumers.We generate a substantial majority of our revenues from sales of our products in Vietnam comprising both dairy and non-dairy products and export to countries such as Australia, Cambodia, Iraq, the Philippines and the United States. Strong supplier relationships to ensure a dependable milk supply Highly experienced management with a proven track record of delivering strong overall business performance World class production facilities. Leading market position supported by wellestablished brand name Since we commenced operations in 1976, we have built strong brand name recognition for our dairy products in Vietnam. Our Vinamilk brand has been in use since our establishment and is currently a widely recognised dairy brand in Vietnam.We believe we have achieved our dominant market position through our focus on advertising, marketing and continuous improvement in product innovation and quality assurance. Based on our long-standing presence in Vietnam, we believe we are better able to diagnose and understand consumer trends and preferences, that allows us to focus our development efforts on identifying product attributes that are most valued by our customers. For example, our deep understanding and efforts have helped our Vinamilk Milk Kid clutch of products establish one of the best transmiting milk product marketed at children aged between six and 12 years in Vietnam in 2007. Strong and change product portfolio We offer a wide range of dairy products targeting a wide spectrum of consumers.We have product lines that are targeted at individual consumers including youthfulness children, young adults and also the elderly as well as products targeted at general households and commercial outfits such as cafes. In addition, by offering consumers a diverse range of products in distinguishable package sizes, we are able to offer our customers a measure of portability and convenience unique to dairy products being sold in Vietnam. OUr emulous StreNgthS We believe that our success to date and potential f or future growth can be attributed to a combination of our strengths, including the following Leading market position supported by wellestablished brand name Strong, diversified product portfolio Extensive sales and distribution network Strong market-oriented development capabilities research and 39 xtensive sales and distribution network We believe our extensive sales and distribution network is critical to the success of our operations, enabling us to reach a wide range of customers and ensure an efficient and effective rollout of new products and marketing campaigns nationwide. As of 31 December 2007, we sell our products across all 64 provinces including five centrally-controlled municipalities in Vietnam. Our experienced sales team, assists our distributors to service the end retailers and consumers, and promote our products. Our sales team is also responsible for servicing and supporting the distribution activities and development of new relationships with distributors and retailers. In addition, we organise various marketing and promotional activities with local distributors aimed at promoting our products and building our brand image across the nation.In addition to our domestic distribution networks, we are currently in the process of negotiating the terms of supply contracts with potential business partners in countries such as Thailand, Australia and the United States. We are also one of the few food and beverage companies that have a readily available network of refrigerated coolers. The availability of coolers poses a high barrier of entry for competitors who may wish to enter the food and beverage market as the establishment of a refrigerated cooler network requires a substantial amount of capital expenditure. Strong supplier relationships to ensure lull milk supply A arranged supply of high quality raw milk is crucial to our business.Accordingly, we have established strong relationships with our suppliers through our fortunate pricing pol icies, provision of financial support to farmers to purchase dairy cows and price incentives for milk of higher quality. We have entered into annual contracts with our milk suppliers and currently purchase over approximately 40% of all domestically produced raw milk. Our production facilities are strategically located close to dairy farmers in Vietnam to enable us to maintain and strengthen our relationships with them and we carefully select the location of our milk collection centres to maintain its freshness and quality. We also source raw milk powder from Australia and New Zealand to meet our production demands in terms of quantity and quality.We believe that our ability to obtain a steady supply of raw milk is crucial to our business and allows us to maintain and increase our production output. Strong market-oriented research and development capabilities We have a sales and marketing team that is experienced in analysing and identifying consumer preferences and trends, and suppo rt ground staff who have a thorough understanding of consumer preferences through constant contact with our customers at our various points of sale. For example, our understanding of the preferences of young consumers aged between six and 12 has helped us successfully launch our Vinamilk Milk Kid marketing campaign in May 2007.As a result of our successful marketing campaign, Vinamilk Milk Kid was the best selling milk marketed at children aged between six and 12 in 2007. We also have strong capabilities in product research and development with a view to improve product quality and increase product variety for consumers. We have a research and development team comprising 10 engineers and one technical staff. Our researchers work closely with our marketing department who in turn collaborate with several market research agencies to identify the trends in consumer preferences. We believe our ability to develop new products based on consumers evolving preferences has been a key factor i n our success and will continue to play a key role in our future growth and development.In an effort to ensure that our products are in line with the latest consumption trends, we actively conduct research and work with market research companies to study trends in 40 A n n u a l R e p o r t 2 0 0 7 sales performance, customer feedback, food and beverage-related media. highly experienced management with a proven track record of delivering strong overall business performance We are managed by an experienced and dedicated management team with extensive industry experience. Our Chairwoman, Mdm Mai Kieu Lien, has over 30 years of experience in the dairy industry with the Company and has played a critical role in the growth and development of the Company to where it stands today.Our marketing team is led by Mr Tran Bao Minh, who has over 10 years of branding and marketing experience in the beverage industry and has been instrumental in reviving our brand image and product innovation. Othe r members of our senior management team have an modal(a) of 25 years experience in the manufacturing, distribution and sale of dairy products. We also have a strong middle management team that is well-equipped to support our senior management and flummox abreast of changes in the market place. World class production facilities We use modern production and packaging technologies in all of our manufacturing facilities. We employ technologies imported from European countries such as Germany, Italy and Switzerland in ur production lines. To the best of our knowledge, we are the only company in Vietnam who has the machinery utilising the spray dry technology produced by Niro Inc, Denmark, a world leader in industrial drying technologies. We also employ world class production lines provided by Tetra Pak for our dairy and value-added dairy products. OUr BUSINeSS StrategIeS We aim to maximise shareholder value and pursue a business growth strategy based on the following principal componen ts Expansion of market share in existing and new markets Develop a comprehensive portfolio of dairy products to target a broader consumer base and expand into higher margin alue-added dairy products Development of new product lines to satisfy different consumer preferences Brand cultivation Continuously enhancing supply chain management Development of raw material sources to ensure a reliable and consistent fresh milk supply base. 41 BraND POrtFOLIO We currently have 4 mega brands as follows Beautiful Life Mums Love 42 A n n u a l R e p o r t 2 0 0 7 Passion to Win Natural Freshness 43 PrODUct 44 A n n u a l R e p o r t 2 0 0 7 Overview We produce a broad range of dairy products with different types and flavours of powdered milk, infant cereals, UHT liquid milk, UHT drinking yoghurts, spoon yoghurt, sweet condensed milk and cheese.We have established different teams to be responsible for the research and development, raw materials procurement, management of outsourced manufac turing, marketing, sales and distribution of products under our core brands and other brands. Our core dairy products such as liquid milk and powdered milk represent two of our largest product segments, and accounted for approximately 25. 4% and 23. 0%, respectively, of our revenue in 2007. Within the liquid milk segment, Vinamilk Milk Kid range constituted the largest single fact and accounted for approximately 7. 0% of the liquid milk revenue of Vinamilk and approximately 2. 1% of our overall revenue in 2007.Other dairy products such as our condensed milk and yoghurt products have been experiencing steady growth over the past two years and accounted for approximately 34. 0% and 10. 0% of our revenue in 2007. Our condensed milk product is video display promising growth where our revenue for our condensed milk products in FY2007 has experienced an approximate 38. 0% increase from FY2006. Dairy Products Liquid Milk We produce, distribute and sell liquid milk in Vietnam under the Vi namilk Brand. Our revenue from sales of liquid milk grew from approximately VND1,469 billion in 2006 to approximately VND1,736 billion in 2007, representing a unite annual growth rate of approximately 18%.As of 31 December 2007, we account for approximately 35% of the liquid milk market in Vietnam based on a combination of data from internal tracking systems and statistics and externally commissioned reports by AC Nielsen, tracking consumption patterns in 36 of the 64 provinces (including five centrally controlled municipalities). Our liquid milk segment includes the following three product categories Plain milk Flavoured milk Special needs milk such as Calcium and DHA fortified milk and skim milk 45 Our Vinamilk brand is one of our core brands for liquid milk, drinking yoghurt, spoon yoghurt, ice cream, probiotic and cheese. We have focused on building up our product image to be one that is easily associated with a healthy, beautiful and balanced lifestyle. Vinamilk UHT milk ha s consistently dominated the Vietnamese liquid milk market. It is targeted at consumers aged six years and above.Our Fino Pack range of UHT milk offers flavours such as sweetened, sugarfree, strawberry and chocolate and comes in packages of 250ml. Our Vinamilk UHT fresh milk range was officially launched in April 2007 and is targeted at the premium market in Vietnam. Our Vinamilk UHT fresh milk products are manufactured using 100% raw fresh milk. We believe our competitive edge in this market segment lies in our ability to ensure consistent supply from local dairy farmers and our wide network of milk collection centres. Our Vinamilk UHT fresh milk products are available in 180ml and one litre cartons. Officially launched in September 2007, Vinamilk Milk Kid range is targeted at consumers aged between six and 12 years old.Our Vinamilk Milk Kid products are available in a range of flavours such as Strawberry, Chocolate, Sweetened and DHAfortified and are available in 180ml packs. 46 A n n u a l R e p o r t 2 0 0 7 Powdered Milk We first introduced our range of powdered milk products in 1988. As at 31 December 2007, our revenue from powdered milk products account for approximately 13. 8% of the market value in Vietnam based on a combination of data from internal tracking systems and statistics and externally commissioned reports by AC Nielsen tracking consumption patterns in six key cities such as Ha Noi, Ho Chi Minh City, Can Tho, Da Nang, Hai Phong and Nha Trang.However, our revenue from sales of powdered milk decreased from approximately VND2,191 billion in 2006 to approximately VND1,584 billion in 2007, primarily due to the decrease in export sales. Our Dielac powdered milk range is targeted at consumers with children aged six years and below. Our powdered milk products can be categorised into two main segments Two formulas priced within two different price ranges. Dielac Star is priced at the lower range of the two and is marketed as an affordable and qualit y product. It is manufactured with Pro5S formulation containing DHA, Choline, Inuline, Canxi and MCT Oil. Dielac Alpha is produced with a unique formulation containing colostrums, DHA, Omega 3 and Omega 6 suety acids.It is priced at a premium over Dielac Star given its higher Colostrum content. Our Dielac line of powdered milk products has experienced an annual growth rate of approximately 16% over the past four years. Our traditional Ridielac infant and follow-on formula is manufactured using MAX-4D (with 4D representing Development, Digestion, Deliciousness and Dependability) technology, combining nutrient-rich milk, natural foods such as meat, shrimp, vegetables, vitamins and minerals. Our formula is designed to optimise nutrient absorption in children during their growing years and enhance appetites. Ridielac infant cereal is targeted at consumers with children aged between four and 24 months.Ridielac is produced with a unique formulation containing colostrums and is marketed a s a value-for-money product. 47 Condensed Milk Condensed milk is one of our most successful products and largest revenue contributors, representing approximately 34. 0% of our total revenue in 2007. Our revenue from sales of our condensed milk products grew from approximately VND1,690 billion in 2006 to approximately VND2,332 billion in 2007, representing a compound annual growth rate of approximately 38%. As at 31 December 2007, we hold a market share of approximately 79% in the condensed milk market in Vietnam based on a combination of data and statistics from internal tracking systems tracking the sales volume of our competitors products.Southern Star (Ngoi Sao Phuong Nam) is part of our commercial line under our condensed milk segment, and is primarily marketed to commercial outfits and cafes and is commonly consumed with coffee or mixed fruits. It is priced economically to offer enhanced profit margins to proprietors. Ong Tho is part of our household line of quality products an d is primarily targeted at Vietnamese households. It can be consumed either hot or cold and is commonly used as a cooking or baking ingredient. Our Ong Tho brand of condensed milk is priced at a premium over our Southern Star brand of condensed milk due to its higher calcium and protein content. 48 A n n u a l R e p o r t 2 0 0 7 Yoghurt Products We produce, distribute and sell our drinking yoghurt and spoon yoghurt in Vietnam under the Vinamilk brand.Our yoghurt products represent one of our key focus growth areas, and our revenue from sales of yoghurt products grew from approximately VND634 billion in 2006 to approximately VND698 billion in 2007, representing a compound annual growth rate of approximately 10%. As at 31 December 2007, we hold a market share of approximately 26% in the drinking yoghurt market and approximately 97% in the spoon yoghurt market in Vietnam based on a combination of data from internal tracking systems and statistics and externally commissioned reports by AC Nielsen, tracking consumption patterns in 36 out of the 64 cities (including five centrally controlled municipalities) in Vietnam. Vinamilk Drinking Yoghurt is available in three flavours Fruit, Orange and Strawberry in 180ml packs. Vinamilk Spoon Yoghurt is targeted at the average Vietnamese household.Marketed as a fresh tasting, delicious and high quality health product, our Vinamilk Spoon Yoghurt product line has dominated the spoon yoghurt market in Vietnam with a market share of approximately 97%. It is available in a variety of flavours such as Strawberry, Fruit, SugarFree with Kefir and Sweetened in 110g carton packs. In addition to the abovementioned dairy products, we also manufacture other dairy products such as ice-cream and cheese. 49 Ice-cream We introduced our brand of ice-cream products in 1976 and produce, distribute and sell our ice-cream in Vietnam under the Vinamilk Brand. Vinamilk Ice-cream is targeted at the midend ice-cream market in Vietnam.It comes in a v ariety of flavours such as Chocolate, Coconut, Durian, Green Bean, Strawberry, Vanilla and Taro. Our ice-cream products are available in 450ml or one-litre tubs and also available in pre-packed ice-cream cups, popsicles and cones. Cheese Vinamilk Cheese was launched in 2000 under our anticipation of the potential of the cheese market in Vietnam. The product is currently targeted at the average Vietnamese household and is manufactured using French technology and is available in 140g packs. Non-Dairy Products Other Food and Beverages In addition to our dairy products, we also manufacture and distribute other F&B products such as our V-Fresh line of juices and soya bean milk, Cafe Moment coffee and frosty bottled water.The revenue for this product segment accounted for approximately 2% of the total revenue of the Company. 50 A n n u a l R e p o r t 2 0 0 7 V-Fresh The product range was introduced in 1990. V-Fresh Juice is designed to target young adults, offering them healthy refreshm ents that promote a image that is energetic and full of vitality. V-Fresh Juice is manufactured using natural fruit juices. It is available in one litre packs and in a variety of flavours such as Apple, Carrot, Custard-apple, Grape, Grapefruit, Guava, Orange, Peach and Pineapple. Packaged in Tetra Pak packaging, V-Fresh Juice is predominantly distributed in off-premise channels. V-Fresh Soya Milk is one of the most popular drinks among our newly launched products.V-Fresh Soya Milk is targeted at the mid-end market and is marketed as a value-for-money product. Extracted from selected natural soybeans, our V-Fresh Soya Milk line of products offers consumers a healthy and nondairy alternative to consumers. It is available in flavours such as plain and sweetened in 180ml and one-litre packs. Coffee We produce, distribute and sell our coffee products in Vietnam under the Cafe Moment brand name. We launched our coffee line of products in 2005. Manufactured from the finest coffee beans, ou r coffee products offer consumers with a unique tasting experience. Our coffee products offer consumers great value for money.Cafe Moment is distributed through our nationwide distribution network and through our direct sale channels located primarily in urban areas. 51 52 A n n u a l R e p o r t 2 0 0 7 SAFETY 53 INVeStOr reLatIONS Vinamilk maintains an effective communication channel with investors through its annual general meeting held on a yearly basis and through Vinamilk s investor relations function. Financial performance and other important information relating to Vinamilk s operations are adequately disclosed on its website at www. vinamilk. com. vn and other means of public communications such as HOSE s website, securities companies website, newspapers and securities bulletins,. 54 A n n u a l R e p o r t 2 0 0 7During the year, Vinamilk has welcomed more than 100 individual and institutional investors, banks, fund managers to visit us, some of our visitors are HSBC, Hong Kong CIMB GK Securities Pte. Ltd Merrill Lynch (Asia Pacific) Ltd JP Morgan Securities (Thailand) Ltd Morgan Stanley Asia Singapore Saigon Securities Inc. (SSI) BaoViet Securities Company (BVSC) Dragon Capital Tokio Marine Asset Management Providential Holdings, Inc. York Capital Management, NY Bridger Capital LLC, NY Polunin Capital Partners Ltd, London Metropol, Nga MFC Global Investment Management ABN-AMRO Asia Securities (Singapore) Pte Ltd Moody s Singapore Pte. Ltd Mitani Sangyo Co. Ltd Central Bank of Japan Naissance Capital Ltd Deutsche Asset Management, a member of the Deutsche Bank Group Deutsche Bank Securities Asia Ltd Credit Suise (Singapore) Ltd Nomura Malaysia Sdn Bhd Nomura Securities Singapore Pte. Ltd Citigroup Global Markets Limited Kim Eng Securities Pte. Ltd Daiwa Securities SMBC Hong Kong Ltd BankInvest Group YUKI Management & Research Co. , Ltd UOB Asset Management , a member of the United Overseas Bank Group Our contact details in relation to Investor Relat ions are as follows Mr. Tr? n Chi Son tel netmail Website Investment Director (84-8) 9300 358 (ext. 252) emailprotected com. vn www. vinamilk.. com. vn 55 cOMMUNItY actIVItIeSIn line with our operation philosophy, Vinamilk always harmonizes between benefits and value for its shareholders and contribute to community activities for local people where we are operational our business. Vinamilk has been contributing by tens of VND billions per annum for these activities, which may be increasing on a yearly basis. 56 A n n u a l R e p o r t 2 0 0 7 Some of our typical community activities for the year 2006 and 2007 are as follows In VND billion Donations for poor people and poor/street children 10. 7 Sponsors for scholarship fund namely Cultivation for Vietnamese childly Talents, V? A Dinh and other activities for children 9. 6 Donations for flooded provinces in the central of Vietnam 2 Our annual traditional sponsorship for two scholarship funds is Cultivation for Vietnamese Young Talents and V?A Dinh. The first was started since 2003 with the average annual sponsored amount between 1. 5 3 billion dong and the later was started since 2004 with the average annual sponsored amount between 0. 14 0. 20 billion dong. In addition, Vinamilk has been the sponsor to take care all the life for 20 Vietnamese hero mothers in Ben Tre and Quang Nam provinces since 1997 and now there are 13 mothers to be sponsored by Vinamilk to take care all their li