The current climate of financial constraints will have a dramatic Essay

The current climate of financial constraints will have a dramatic impact on investigating crime Examine this assertion - Essay Example The recession has affected every segment of society especially the working class. When people are without work for a prolonged period of time, even honest citizens sometimes turn to crime to pay their bills mostly in urban areas. In such situations, the resources of the crime prevention agencies are usually focused on serious or violent crimes, and they usually ignore lesser offences such as burglaries due the scarcity of manpower and other resources such as cars for patrolling, or even clerical personnel for filing in report or preparing the paperwork to present the cases for court proceedings. In the absence of police personnel on the streets, minor arguments may escalate to shootouts or stabbings because the presence of police usually acts as a deterrent and prevents the situation from escalating. Other crimes such as auto thefts, shoplifting, provoked and aggravated assault, property crime, gang wars, murders, domestic battery, aggravated burglary, fraud, rape and kidnapping all are on the increase due to the cutbacks in police budgets. Besides having an adequate number of personnel, other things that are essential for effective policing are vehicles, monitoring and tracking equipment (Moro, 2012). Computer systems for maintaining records and other paperwork. Funds are also needed to hire additional civilian personnel on a temporary basis or to pay off informants who are an essential part of any police network. The police department needs forensics laboratories, equipment and chemicals and qualified staff to man these laboratories. Then too offenders who are apprehended need facilities such as beds in the lock ups and prisons, before they are released on bail, or if they are not released on bail they do require other facilities such as food, medicine and police personnel for keeping a watch over these prisoners so that they do not riot and kill each

How Ruth Portrays Herself From Never Let Me Go Essay Example for Free

How Ruth Portrays Herself From Never Let Me Go Essay In the novel Never Let Me Go by Kazuo Ishiguro Ruth wants to portray her as being better than other clones. Ruth portrays herself in this matter because she does not want to be a typical clone. This is because a clones’ only purpose is to donate organs. For example in the text it states â€Å"what you’ve got to realize,† she said to Chrissie, â€Å"is that even though Tommy was at Hailsham he isn’t like a real Hailsham student. He was left out of everything and people were always laughing at him. So there’s no point in asking him about anything like this† (Page 155). With this quote one can see that Ruth is trying to down grade Tommy and make her seem special by inferring that she is qualified for deferrals and Tommy is not. Also in the novel Never Let Me Go by Kazuo Ishiguro it states â€Å"For the first weeks after we arrived, she made a big deal of it, always putting her arm around Tommy, sometimes snagging him in the corner of a room while other people were still about† (Page 120). With this quote one can see that Ruth is trying to make herself feel superior because she is in a couple and the others are not. Another example that’s Ruth wants to better then other clones is in the novel when if states â€Å"She was the one always pretending to have finished anything anyone happened to be reading; and she was the only one with this notion that the way to demonstrate your superior reading was to go around telling people the plots of novels they were in the middle of† (Page 123). With this quote one can see the effort Ruth puts in to try to be better than the other clones by reading books before everyone else to be able to rub in their faces that she knows the plot already. Also in the text it states â€Å"Ruth came a step closer.†My best horse,† she said,† is thunder. I can’t let you ride on him. He’s much too dangerous. But you can ride Bramble, as long as you don’t use your crop on him† (Page 46). With this quote one can see that Ruth is trying to be special by stating that only she  can ride the best house and Kathy cannot. Last but not least in the novel Ruth states â€Å"I know how it worried you,† she said. â€Å"I should have told you, I should have said how it was the same for me too. Just the way you described it. You realise all of this I know. But you didn’t back then, and I should have said. I should have told you how ever though I was with Tommy I couldn’t resist doing it with other people sometimes† (Page 231-232) with this quote one can see that Ruth is confessing that she was trying to be better than Kathy because Kathy once told Ruth that she had desires about sex and Ruth acted as though Kathy was weird because she never had feeling such as the ones Kathy described. With these quotes from the passage it is clear that Ruth wants to portray herself as special among other clones.

A Report On Mahabalipuram

A Report On Mahabalipuram Mahabalipuram Since times immemorial, Mahabalipuram has been always been a city whose fame has spread far and wide as being a seat of religion, learning and an important port in the ancient world. Mahabalipuram is located in the Kanchipuram district of Tamil Nadu and is home to several architectural monuments built between the 7th and the 9th century. Significance Mahabalipuram was at the height of its splendour and glory during the reign of Narasimhavaram and Rajsimhavaram who played an important role in building the many magnificient temples in the city as Mahabalipuram was the second capital of the Pallava kings. Legend has it that Mahabalipuram was created when Lord Vishnu killed the cruel Mahabali after a fierce battle. Formerly known as Mamallapuram, the city was renamed to its present name during the reign of Narasimhavarman 1. Attractions The Shore Temple: The shore temple at Mahabalipuram is a world heritage site as classified by UNESCO and is believed to be the only existing temple amongst the seven shore temples that were originally constructed. Constructed during the 7th century by Narasimha Varman, the temple bears exquisite designs and carvings and is supposed to be the forerunner of Dravidian architecture. Visitors to the temple are greeted by delicately carved dwar palaks, who are said to stand in guard of the deity inside. Arjunas Penance: This is a rock structure carved to resemble a whale and was built by Raja Narasimha the first. The either sides of this rock are engraved with exquisite carvings of Gods from the Hindu pantheon, birds, beasts and these figures are carved in such a way that gives an effect of a hurry to see the miracle about to happen. Krishna Mandapam: This is one of the largest mandapams and is dedicated to Lord Krishna, the mentor and guide of the Pandavas. The inside of this mandapam is decorated with carvings that depict incidents from Lord Krishnas life. Varaha Mandapam: The Varaha Mandapam lies beside the Arjuna penance and is dedicated to Lord Vishnus Varaha incarnation. The northern wall portrays Lord Vishnu standing on one foot atop Naga, the snake king attempting to rescue Prithvi, the Goddess of earth. The entrance to this mandapam has two pillars engraved with two horned lions that stand guard at the door of the mandapam. How to Reach In addition to being a religious centre, Mahabalipuram is also a wanderers delight for the open air museum style sights the city offers. Mahabalipuram is well connected to other cities in India. The Chennai airport is located 60 km from Mahabalipuram. The nearest railhead is Chengalpattu, about 29 km from Mahabalipuram and the city is also well connected by road to Chennai, Kanchipuram and Pondicherry.

English Term paper -- essays research papers

1984 is a novel of great influence. The novel illustrates many concepts of life in the future through the knowledge of the past. The descriptive theories within the novel are familiar in basic context when we look into the society of today. The author George Orwell has projected an image of the future through the knowledge of his lifetime, which is not far off reality. The novel talks about the social movement to a world of unbearable proportions, which takes the idea of security to the limit. A feeling of helplessness is bestowed upon the people as the government scrutinizes their every move. The government has created a society of fear, and people automatically fall into line for they cannot escape the eyes of Big Brother who is watching them. Many of the major concepts outlined in detail in the novel are applicable to life in the twenty-first century. The author has defined concepts for several areas, which he perceived the world would progress towards. Orwell’s prophecies as illustrated in the novel 1984 are fulfilled in today’s society. One of the major prophecies that Orwell outlines in his novel is the idea of the telescreen which can watch anyone at any time this is a reality in today’s society. One of the major connections that Orwell makes about the telescreen of 1984 and today’s society is that you could spy on people. The telescreen might be the most closely compared to microphones and cameras, but there are also many other devices that can be easily used for spying. Within the area of the telescreen anyone could be watched as well as heard, which closely links to the surveillance of today, except people are a little more naive. â€Å"Any sound that Winston made, above the level of a very low whisper, would be picked up by it; moreover, so as long as he remained within the field of vision which the metal plaque commanded, he could be seen as well as heard. There was of course no way of knowing whether you were being watched at any given moment.†(Orwell, 6) The notion that â€Å"Big broth er is watching you† from the novel is not that far off. In fact cameras are being installed all over the place for security reasons, but you do not know who is watching you and what kind of personal information you are giving away. â€Å"No matter how far our contemporary world may seem to 1984’s Oceania, any suggestion of government surveillance of its citizens--from the thre... ...clearly outlines several theories of his within the novel, which have come true in modern day. George Orwell’s first prophecy is about a piece of technology, which we can quite easily relate to modern day because it is quite like a television or a communication device such as a camera or microphone. This was important since it was one of the main ideas of his novel, relating to spying, and it has become quite prominent within our society as well as in the novel. Next the author outlines the type of government, which is quite overpowering, which again in co-ordinance with the telescreen presents one of the main ideas in the plot of the novel and is quite emphasized. The type of governance described is in effect in some countries around the world today. Finally the author has described in detail the use of a new language that has become useful for brainwashing, and government propaganda. This language can be related to today as we have created a new language of our own for s pecial purposes and there are places that deal with a double languages, just as in the novel. The concepts that this novel introduces are so realistic that it has influenced many around the world for many years.

Contrast and Similarities Between Digital and Film Cameras Essay

Nowadays camera is very essential technology in our everyday life. But once upon a time, camera was very rare. Somebody had to go to studio to take his/her photo. This technology was also so complicated at that time. All cameras were either huge in size or immobile. But now we find camera everywhere. Presently, we can not think of any mobile phones or laptops without build-in camera. All classical cameras were film cameras and now we hardly find them. Through improvement of technology, almost all cameras are being digitalized. With this change, digital camers look very different from the films. The main difference between digital and film camera is the storage option. In film cameras, captured photos are stored in the film itself whereas photos are stored in a memory card in digital cameras. Digital cameras has an image sensor . This sensor helps take and store photos. This sensor is absent in film cameras. If the film is exposed once it can not be used again in film cameras. Memory card is re-usable Photos stored in memory card can be erased and then it again be re-usable. Film has to develop by using different kinds of chemicals in film cameras while we can see photos instantly either on the computers or in digital camera. A darkroom is required to develop photos captured in film cameras and this process is complicated. This process is much easier if photos captured in digital cameras. We can easily print digital photos from computer. Digital cameras require more power than film cameras. Generally rechargeable and non-rechargeable batteries are used in digital and film cameras respectively. Film cameras response quickly. Its takes less time than digital cameras to focus. The fraction time between to focus is also less in film cameras. Now let’s discuss about photo quality between digital and film cameras. Photo quality is depends on equipment in digital cameras whether film cameras has no variation. All film cameras are same. They provide same quality photos. But in digital cameras photo quality depends on megapixel, sensor and on many other things. Today in market , we found 1 to 50 or more mega pixels digital camera. Digital cameras can be many types, such as DSLR, SLR etc. Film cameras is only one type. Lens and scale is also a great difference between film and digital cameras. Professional photographers are demand high quality cameras that why there first choice is digital camera. The other most important contrast between digital and film camera is tonal range. Tonal range is number of grades of light to dark in photo. Digital cameras are limited to 256 grades whereas film cameras have unlimited grades. Film cameras are ahead in tonal range. So they can produce limitless grades of light to dark. More apparently, film cameras can capture all dark view, not matter how mild it is. On the other hand, digital cameras produce bright view instead of mild darkness. We already know that, in digital camera photo quality depends on megapixel. So here is a question about its work, and also how grains work in film cameras. More mega pixel produces more sharp photos. Grains also do the same thing in film cameras. Brightness, hue, value, saturation etc are also same in digital and film cameras. Both has required lens, both has same shape, both can produce monochromic and color photos. In film cameras, grains speed depends on speed of the film whereas megapixel can be troubleshoot from menu. More people choose slower film camera. A slower film camera is equal to 8 megapixel camera. Both in film and digital cameras megapixel alone can’t sharp photo quality. Some special effect and zoom etc can changeable in digital cameras while film camera does not has those option. Aparture is almost same in both type of cameras whereas shutter is same. Size of photo can’t vary and lens is obvious equipment of both cameras. In conclusion, we can say both cameras are important. Because the importance of cameras are vary from person to person, profession to profession. Professional photographers generally choose digital cameras and again sometimes they need film cameras for specific reason. Both film and digital cameras has lots of fan. It just like CD and cassette, both are important.

J.D. Salinger essays

J.D. Salinger essays Jerome David Salinger was born at NY Nursery and Childs Hospital in 1919. His fathers name was Sol and his mothers name was Miriam. He also has an older sister whose name is Doris. His father was Jewish and his mother was Irish Catholic. Being half Jewish was a conflict for J.D. J.D. had a very distant relationship with his father, who worked for a meat and cheese business. He was sent to Poland as a child to see that end of the meat business. He was so disgusted by the slaughterhouses that he decided to take a different career path, rather than inherit the family business like his father wanted him to do. This also led to him becoming a vegetarian. Another reason he and his father had a bad relationship was because his father was Jewish and J.D. didnt want to be classified as a Jew because people were openly racist against Jews in the 30s and 40s. He and his fathers relationship got so bad that he didnt bother attending his funeral. J.D. grew up in Manhattan. He attended Valley Forge Military Academy, which is in Pennsylvania. He got sent to military school for flunking out of two private schools. His mother took him to the entrance interview and he was accepted two days later. He was the manager of the fencing team. He succeeded in military school and enjoyed it. His enjoyment of military school soon ended when World War II began. In World War II, J.D. would see on average 50 of his fellow soldiers die in a day. He said sometimes he would see as many as 200 of them die. For the first couple weeks of the war, 75% of the soldiers in his unit died, and that percentage eventually grew to 125%. After graduating from the military academy, Salinger went to NYU briefly. He later left because he did not apply himself. He then went to Ursinus College. He said he enjoyed it because it wasnt an Ivy League school. His friends say that he was a loner and ...

The Crime Film,Compares scarface and Bonnie and Clyde

The Crime Film,Compares scarface and Bonnie and Clyde Compares scarface and Bonnie and Clyde -When looking at the crime film it is important to understand the nature of the films genre. The genre is a way for the audience to distinguish types of films. These are categorised together because of standard protocols developed for a particular types or styles of film. These films usually follow similar guidelines in order to produce a predictable style for the audience. The development of genre films is not entirely the prerogative of Hollywood. It is more the desire of the public viewing audience to have an idea of the type of film they are about to see. The western, musical or the gangster film are examples of genre films. These categories of films all have similarities in the ways in which they are made: musicals end happily; the westerns will all have the final shoot out; and the gangsters will all be overcome by justice or meet their own demise.Cropped screenshot from the trailer for the 1932 f...The reason for the consistency in the fi lms is the publics desire to make an informed choice not and not to go in blind.By using the genre qualification, the industry is able to target societal groups and try to produce and market what they want to see. The public attends a film because they think they might enjoy some aspect of it. The film genre follows a set of abstract rules that allows the public to informally categorize films. These rules must be viewed from an flexible point of view in order to legitimize their future existence. By using this method of categorizing films the public is able to decide which films they wish to see and those they do not. Some people love musicals and if they were to go to one and find there was no music or...

Emergency Room Essay Example

Emergency Room Essay Example Emergency Room Medicine Essay Example Emergency Room Medicine Essay Example At the waiting room, one could clearly see the new renovations that were taking place in the hospital. The waiting room was a former critical care tower. At the reception, visitor’s information is recorded to determine the purpose of their visit. Screening is a major part of the reception. For any serious event, the nurses are involved to provide a more comprehensive story for the visitors. After the registration, the patients are called to the back. However, due to the increased footprint in the hospital, there are way finders that assist the patients and walk them to the back. Some of the new improvements include the acquisition of helpers that aid the patients to the back. In the back, there is a laboratory and patients handling services are offered here. There is the use of an algorithm to check on patient’s health especially chest pains. The initiative for the goal standard of the hospital is to cater for as many patients as possible within the short period of time . Towards the pediatrics section, there is a quarter that connects the adult conference and the pediatrics. This is, however, to be changed according to the new design of the hospital. There are also negative pressure rooms in most of the treating areas that ensure the patients are well observed since they maintain the flow of air in and out. A quarantine room is used in case a suicidal situation is experienced. In each room there is a monitor to check the patients’ heart rhythm, the circulation of oxygen in their body and the sublimes that are put in the arterial lining of the patients. There are also syringe pumps especially for children. In the pediatrics rooms, to ensure that bleeding is stopped suction pipes are available as well.   The respiratory support is applied to the patients who have difficulty in breathing. It ensures the ones are 100% oxygenated before being attached to the ventilator that sustains their breathing. The heart rate the circulation of blood flow in the patient’s body is measured with the oximeter. It checks the oxygen content in the blood, the respiratory rate of tidal volume and the cardiac output of blood pressure. To examine the patient’s ears for any structural problems the otoscope is used. The information collected about the patient is stored in a computer. This includes the reading from the otoscope, the ophthalmoscope (used to examine the eyes) and the stethoscope (measures the patient’s blood pressure). The patient’s environment is enhanced through the reach out and read program which facilitates the provision of books, particularly to children. The emergency room is well-organized, with everything taking its place. This is done to reduce contamination and enhance hygiene. To support hygiene, a policy of regulating what to enter with in the room is enforced. In the nourishment section, there is a microwave, an ice machine and a refrigerator. The forensics room handles patients that may have experienced sexual abuse. It contains equipment necessary for collecting information and evidence about the incidence. In the hospital a treating area for such kind of patients exists. The omniceo machine helps in handling the equipment and the things needed for the environment. On the walls – the workers protection gears. The hospital uses Pyxis medication where the one is well-maintained through portable monitors. To ensure the nurses have the exact records of the children ventilators for the pediatric patients are applied. Another technology evident in this hospital is a system to lift people. This system, although located at the back, is an essential section of the hospital. In every area of the medical establishment a clean utility room that holds all the cleaning equipment is situated. The care testing done on every unit is handled in the laboratory. In the adults section there is a critical patient’s area that ope rates on a 24-hour base. The portable machines for x-rays are available, too. Having seen the services offered in the ER, it is essential to know when to use the considered hospital department. Doctors and nurses here are well-trained to handle emergency cases. Majority of these include heart attacks and severe injuries. As mentioned previously, this section of the hospital operates on a 24-hour clock basis. A patient, however, should have the ability to figure out the signs that require special attention. Some of these characteristics are analyzed here. One is faced with only two options when experiencing an emergency case. You may either opt to call for help via the 911 call or drive directly to the nearest hospital. Many people prefer making the call so long as medics arrive at the scene well-prepared. Alarming signs that require emergency medical attention include: trouble breathing, passing out or fainting, severe chest pain that attacks suddenly, unusual bad headache, unable to see suddenly move or even speak, drooping on one side of the body, feeling dizzy or weak and which does not go away. Others may include accidentally inhaling smoke or other poisonous gases, sudden confusion or heavy breeding, poisoning or drug overdose, throwing up or having loose stools that do not stop, seizures and suicidal thoughts, deep cuts or serious burns, coughing out blood, severe allergic reactions resulting to trouble breathing, hives and even swellings. When any of the above conditions are experienced, the affected person or any one close should make haste to reach for an emergency service. Other people who are at risk are those under medication such as asthmatics. People close to them ought to ensure that they receive their medicine and are not under any undue pressure. Failure to this may result in difficulties while breathing and eventually the need for an emergency. Nevertheless, it should be noted that not all hospitals have the capability of offering emergency services. Common clinics do not have the necessary personnel, equipment and technology to handle emergency cases. The patient should be conversant with this and be able to access an urgent care clinic in case of an emergency. The kinds of emergencies that these clinics handle are mere common illnesses like flu, earaches, migraines, fevers and sore throats. Others may also handle minor injuries, for example, back pain and sprains, minor cuts and burns and also minor broken bones. The sensitivity and seriousness of emergency cases prompts make hospitals to provide coverage without the need for prior authorization. This is because it is a life saving matter. The plans implemented in most of these hospitals are based on regulations that require the issuers not to seek authorization or pre-certification for emergency services. However, notification requirements are mandatory. There is also an introduction of a new payment methodology that is done after the patient receives the special treatment and care. The value of human life is more considered than money. Treatment institutions that apply this set of methods have a good reputation to the public and have chances of gaining popularity. live CHAT

Art of the 20th century Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Art of the 20th century - Essay Example Surrealism was a new way of expression and was based on the idea of higher reality of certain forms of association which had been neglected previously. In addition, it was based on the notion of the omnipotence i.e. the dominance and control of dream and in the impartial play of thought. Thus, surrealists sought to break the dreadlock of predictable ways of thinking. In essence, its experiments sought to highlight the task of the unconscious in creativity in a bid to be innovative (ibid 477). Given the fact that the surrealists were interested in the works of expression of the unconscious, and the finest place of longing in psychoanalytical theory, it was unavoidable that in the long run an effort would be made so as to bring together works of surrealism based on the theme of desire. One such attempt by surrealism was "surrealism: Desire unbound", an exhibition at fate Modem in London which lasted till the 1st of January, 2001(ibid). The exhibition was a major undertaking in which fourteen rooms were set by a given topic. It focused on specific artistic works and highlighted artists by name. This was such an inspiration to artists since most of the important and a great number of the lesser known facts and figures of the surrealist movement were represented there. During the exhibition, waiting rooms prepared the scene. Men shall know nothing of this was one of the artistic works at the scene presented by Max Ernst. The curator introduced his works by giving his theme. According to him, a theme vital to surrealism is its vision of man as a being driven by desire. The desire of surrealists was the authentic variety of the self in the inside. In itself, this is not a problem but it can also not be said to be the whole story. In addition, it implies that representations desire can be considered principarily as biographical (Summers&Claude 324). Marcel Duchamp's artistic work, the bride stripped bare by Her Bachelors. dominated the first room which was named after the artistic works reconstructed by Richard Hamilton. Duchamp can be said to be a very good place where a survey on surrealism can be carried out. From earlier days of Dada, an Iconoclastic vision was found at the frontage of the way out. Andre' Breton had a place written on Duchamp's massive influence. He explained that someday, one can question oneself as to what degree it will be measured legitimate to have painting continued as if the Bride stripped Bare had been created. The great works of glass bold in the room poses a mechanistic vision of sexual desire (ibid 324) The love and poetry room contains artifacts of surrealism as a Literary and a movement across the globe. In the room, there were publications and manuscripts. The small handbills were the most rewarding in contributing a lot to surrealism. "Parents-tell your dreams to your children" and most significantly, "surrealistic is Literature denied''. In this room, there was the first proposition that there was any form of union within surrealism since there were photographs of international groupings and meetings (Ruhr berg & Waither 477). The last room in the exhibition had enormous amounts of material, some of it unfamiliar. The material was laid out in an active manner and the subject is a legitimate one in surrealism. The material was disappointing though; it was ultimately not fulfilling due to a number of reasons. One is that whilst

Child abuse as a social issue Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Child abuse as a social issue - Essay Example A child can develop well only when he gets proper education and health care facilities. Well-being of children can be assured only when the society has the ability to protect the rights of its children and safeguard them from injury and abuse (Jack & Gill, 2010, p.82). Child welfare agencies are formed for protection of children and their all round development. These agencies make their decisions regarding their child protection policies about permanent well-being of children. These decisions are based on interviews taken of children and families who have been reported for child abuse or neglect. The efficiency of child welfare policies depends on the ability of the agencies to conduct proper investigations of the mistreatment received by the child. Only precise conclusions about safety of children derived from the information collected from such investigations can build effective case plans. Workers of these agencies who take the responsibilities of taking interviews of children mus t have the knowledge and skills to make emotional inquiries in a sensitive manner. The agencies should be able to impart necessary values and knowledge to their workers through effective training in order to fulfill their child safety missions (Pence, 2011, p.50). Over the past three decades the philosophy and strategies of determining whether intervention is necessary in situations where a child is abused or has the potential risk of being harmed or injured have altered. The traditional method of child maltreatment investigations which involved participation of criminal and juvenile laws has evolved. Now, there are more â€Å"understanding of risk and safety, political pressures, implementation of evidence-based and research-supported interventions, philosophical shifts, and other variables† (Pence, 2011, p.51). Where traditionally the agency workers used to take action based on complaints of abuse, now take necessary steps to collect correct information regarding the truth and extent of maltreatment and what case plans should be made to ensure the safety of the children and promote protective behavioral patterns in the caretakers (Pence, 2011, p.51). There are many factors that determine the shape of child welfare services – the number of children in a population who are abused or are at risk, the social and economic conditions of the families and their technological advancement, prevailing ideologies concerning the children and the other members of their families, political pressure from different groups, and the principal views about reasons behind poverty, illness and crime. One criteria that is a permanent issue of child welfare agencies is to find solution to problems of those children whose parents cannot provide proper care. Although the proposed solution is â€Å"permanency planning†, history suggests that such planning cannot abolish the need of wide-ranging public provisions for children who are poor, neglected or disabled (Mal lon & Hess, 2005, p.10). The rate of child abuse has grown significantly all over the world and is essentially evident in North America and Western Europe. Between the years 1980 to 1993, the number of children who have been subject to mistreatment has doubled. This is a grave matter which has imposed great strains on the child welfare age

Write summary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Write summary - Essay Example Threats from white American ensure and the find themselves targets of threats from the violence. Forasmuch as Anne accomplished the goals of demonstrating for blacks, she however concludes that the movement and demonstration had not brought any transformation to the lives of people in Mississippi. The movement had focused too much on how voters were going to register and some other political issues like, such as Freedom Vote, which is a vote intended to bring freedom to blacks (Moody, 253). Anne desired that the sole purpose of demonstration would be centered on economic empowerment for instance, demonstrating so that black farmers are given lands where they can either live of farm. Before the book ends, Anne meets with her allies, Bob, in a bus, going to Washington. The bus is occupied with volunteers who all seem far more enthusiastic and younger than she. All in one accord they sung a â€Å"We Shall Overcome,† chorus. The notion of whether blacks will ever conquer racism gr ips the mind of Anne all the way to Washington. The information provided in this chapter is very relevant to US history. The chapter majorly talks of how black American fight for their freedom and rights. This is clearly illustrated by their act of voting and activism (Moody, 255). Whites argued that black were genetically inferior. The chapter is a wakeup call to end racism and live in harmony as one nation one people. The book Making America is enriched with a clear evolution of events pertaining to politics. The book also zoom into various experiences from different individuals and cultures that make up the society of America. Historical topics are clearly dealt with and analyzed. This makes it interesting and enticing for students to read the book. For teachers whose classrooms reflects the variety of college students of our current world and society, the book is arrange in a orderly sequence that make it easier for the teacher to teach. It is rich in

Recycled Rubber Tyres as Aggregate in Concrete Essay

Recycled Rubber Tyres as Aggregate in Concrete - Essay Example The paper tells that the ability to change the levels of consumption in the UK is one which is essential to the needs to create a sustainable world and to alter the pollutants which are coming from different resources. A technology which is being created is with the use of recycled rubber tyres. There is the option of allowing this to work as an aggregate in concrete, specifically to begin changing the consumption in the UK and to begin lowering the number of toxins with the tyre production that occurs every year. While there is a large amount of consumption and changes with the tyres, there is also a question of whether the aggregate in the concrete is able to create the same substance and material responses as other forms of technology for concrete. This is able to alter and change the way in which the aggregate can be used while determining if the tyres can be recycled into a different substance for other needs. The first question which is associated with the recycled rubber parti cles is based on the understanding of cement paste and how it responds and reacts to the rubber tyre particles being added as a part of it. In a study of Segre Joekes, there was a modification to the cement by adding in rubber tyre powder to the aggregate. The study looked at the cement paste and the way that the surface began to change after a period of 20 minutes. The substance was examined in terms of absorption, density, flexural strength, compressive strength, abrasion resistance, elasticity and fracture energy measurements. The measurement then looked at the level of Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) with the rubber. It was found that the rubber not only assisted with the mix of the materials in the cement but also increased the level of flexibility, durability, toughness and compressive strength. The conclusion was not only with the improvement of quality with the cement. It was noted that by using the rubber tyres as a part of the cement, different formats for roads and other road con struction areas could be used. The substance which was created from the recycled rubber tyres is one which is not as course, meaning that the use on road construction can help with more durability and sustainability with the recycled rubber (Segre, Joekes, 2000: 1421). The overall changes which were made with the concrete also refer to the rubber tyres changing the properties of the cement to create different levels of substance to be used in different areas. The association with tyres is one which is able to automatically change and assist with the overall needs and properties for strength, specifically with roads and areas which have continuous use and fluctuation. The changes with the cement also show that the use of magnesium oxychloride, a natural property found in rubber, is able to provide more functioning for the cement. This particular substance is able to work to bind the concrete mixtures in a way that improves the strength and durability of the substance. The rubberized concrete not only has the ability to directly impact and improves the concrete which is used. The magnesium oxychloride as a binding substance can help in changing the way in which concrete is used and allows the mixture to provide even more solutions to the substance. The substance differs with the types of tyres which are used, amount that is mixed with the concrete and is dependent on factors such as unit weight, air content and slump. Incorporating these into the mixture is then noted as essential for creating the correct mixture and alternatives with the rubber tyres and concrete mix that is used (Siddique, Naik, 2004: 563). 2.2 Compressive Strength The additional alternatives which are a part of the rubber tyres used in aggregate

Exam - 3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Exam - 3 - Essay Example nal integration with highly qualified management, external technical assistance, and good project communication (Applegate, Austin & Soule, 2009:317). Low structured-high technology projects: These refer to projects that are even more complex, considering that such projects entail the combination of low technology and unknown outcomes (Applegate, Austin & Soule, 2009:351). Thus the level of uncertainty is very high, since the expectations are uncertain, while the technology being used is novel and experimental, putting such projects at a great risk of project failure. To avert the chances of such projects failing, the tools that are necessary are the internal integration and the external integration tools, comprising of teams of highly qualified developers, and the excellent application f communication skills (Applegate, Austin & Soule, 2009:317). High structure-low technology projects: These are projects that have the lowest level of risk involved, since they comprise of well understood technology and well-defined outputs and user-requirements (Applegate, Austin & Soule, 2009:316). The essential tools for such type of projects include formal control of results and formal project planning. Low structure low technology projects: This are projects with low levels of risk, because the technology applicable is well known, so the only difficulty is the high rate of volatility of user requirements (Applegate, Austin & Soule, 2009:313). Such projects require the application of good project communication and excellent external integration as the tools to assist in the ever-changing user requirement. Before the incident: At this stage, the issues that need to be considered are the sound design of the project. Further, there also needs to be the consideration of the level of execution, where a high level of disciplined execution is required (Applegate, Austin & Soule, 2009:281). Further, it is important to have detailed documentation of all process and procedures, as

Principle of Inf. Systeam theory and pratice Essay - 1

Principle of Inf. Systeam theory and pratice - Essay Example As Sysco is a highly decentralized company, with around 100 operating companies and more than 4500 employees, the main obstacle it will face is in convincing these major companies to adopt and pay for the new BI system. Most of the operating companies will have intelligence systems already in place although they won’t be this technically advanced; they might not be willing to invest their finances in purchasing another intelligence system which will also lead to training costs. The magnitude of the project may cause other problems such as changing the mindset of the employees, maintaining standard and compatible hardware, and software and business procedures across many companies. Sysco would be one customer for Business Objects but one training program would not be applicable to it. As within the operating companies employees would have different levels of experience and exposure to different software’s. Employees in different operating companies might need different training programs. There might also be a difference in using the software, and so it will be imperative that all units load it with the same type of information to yield benefit. Sysco may also face difficulties in deciding the amount of software to buy. It will be cheaper to buy the entire software in one shot, but the board of directors and companies may not be willing to pay so much upfront immediately. While implementing the new BI system, other obstacles might be faced such as resistance to change, improper use of software and lack of managerial support. Sysco’s previous efforts in overhauling the information systems included ERP and data warehousing. Both these efforts brought in line the data of the various companies but they focused on past data and generating historical reports. Sysco needs a system that will predict future trends while analyzing the data

Recycled Rubber Tyres as Aggregate in Concrete Essay

Recycled Rubber Tyres as Aggregate in Concrete - Essay Example The paper tells that the ability to change the levels of consumption in the UK is one which is essential to the needs to create a sustainable world and to alter the pollutants which are coming from different resources. A technology which is being created is with the use of recycled rubber tyres. There is the option of allowing this to work as an aggregate in concrete, specifically to begin changing the consumption in the UK and to begin lowering the number of toxins with the tyre production that occurs every year. While there is a large amount of consumption and changes with the tyres, there is also a question of whether the aggregate in the concrete is able to create the same substance and material responses as other forms of technology for concrete. This is able to alter and change the way in which the aggregate can be used while determining if the tyres can be recycled into a different substance for other needs. The first question which is associated with the recycled rubber parti cles is based on the understanding of cement paste and how it responds and reacts to the rubber tyre particles being added as a part of it. In a study of Segre Joekes, there was a modification to the cement by adding in rubber tyre powder to the aggregate. The study looked at the cement paste and the way that the surface began to change after a period of 20 minutes. The substance was examined in terms of absorption, density, flexural strength, compressive strength, abrasion resistance, elasticity and fracture energy measurements. The measurement then looked at the level of Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) with the rubber. It was found that the rubber not only assisted with the mix of the materials in the cement but also increased the level of flexibility, durability, toughness and compressive strength. The conclusion was not only with the improvement of quality with the cement. It was noted that by using the rubber tyres as a part of the cement, different formats for roads and other road con struction areas could be used. The substance which was created from the recycled rubber tyres is one which is not as course, meaning that the use on road construction can help with more durability and sustainability with the recycled rubber (Segre, Joekes, 2000: 1421). The overall changes which were made with the concrete also refer to the rubber tyres changing the properties of the cement to create different levels of substance to be used in different areas. The association with tyres is one which is able to automatically change and assist with the overall needs and properties for strength, specifically with roads and areas which have continuous use and fluctuation. The changes with the cement also show that the use of magnesium oxychloride, a natural property found in rubber, is able to provide more functioning for the cement. This particular substance is able to work to bind the concrete mixtures in a way that improves the strength and durability of the substance. The rubberized concrete not only has the ability to directly impact and improves the concrete which is used. The magnesium oxychloride as a binding substance can help in changing the way in which concrete is used and allows the mixture to provide even more solutions to the substance. The substance differs with the types of tyres which are used, amount that is mixed with the concrete and is dependent on factors such as unit weight, air content and slump. Incorporating these into the mixture is then noted as essential for creating the correct mixture and alternatives with the rubber tyres and concrete mix that is used (Siddique, Naik, 2004: 563). 2.2 Compressive Strength The additional alternatives which are a part of the rubber tyres used in aggregate

Principle of Inf. Systeam theory and pratice Essay - 1

Principle of Inf. Systeam theory and pratice - Essay Example As Sysco is a highly decentralized company, with around 100 operating companies and more than 4500 employees, the main obstacle it will face is in convincing these major companies to adopt and pay for the new BI system. Most of the operating companies will have intelligence systems already in place although they won’t be this technically advanced; they might not be willing to invest their finances in purchasing another intelligence system which will also lead to training costs. The magnitude of the project may cause other problems such as changing the mindset of the employees, maintaining standard and compatible hardware, and software and business procedures across many companies. Sysco would be one customer for Business Objects but one training program would not be applicable to it. As within the operating companies employees would have different levels of experience and exposure to different software’s. Employees in different operating companies might need different training programs. There might also be a difference in using the software, and so it will be imperative that all units load it with the same type of information to yield benefit. Sysco may also face difficulties in deciding the amount of software to buy. It will be cheaper to buy the entire software in one shot, but the board of directors and companies may not be willing to pay so much upfront immediately. While implementing the new BI system, other obstacles might be faced such as resistance to change, improper use of software and lack of managerial support. Sysco’s previous efforts in overhauling the information systems included ERP and data warehousing. Both these efforts brought in line the data of the various companies but they focused on past data and generating historical reports. Sysco needs a system that will predict future trends while analyzing the data

How the business deals with legal factors Essay Example for Free

How the business deals with legal factors Essay A legal factor that has a big impact on Tesco’s is protecting employees which, includes the laws about how many hours an employee can work. This amount of hours depends on the employees contract, if they are a full time member of staff then they have to work between 35-45 hours a week but no more, these hours also have to be over reasonably shift, for example having a 8 hour shift a day over 5 days a week. If they are a part time member then they can work any amount of hours a week as long as it is no longer the 35 hours. This can impact on Tesco’s as they have to keep to the terms and conditions of their contracts with staff , which could affect activates Tesco’s wish to do as they may not fit in the with hours the members of staff involved can work. Tesco’s can deal with this by offering willing to work staff overtime shifts, if staff are willing to do this, it means that Tesco’s doesn’t need to employ any more member which works out better for them as if they were to do this, they would then have to find the correct amount of hours agreed in the contact which might not be available. Even though some staff maybe willing to work more hours, they may feel that because they are helping out the business that they don’t need to be as professional and honest as they are when working their own scheduled shifts, this article (http://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/news/tesco-accused-of-using-electronic-armbands-to-monitor-its-staff-8493952.html)is about how Tesco’s is trying to deal with this issue. Tesco’s has come up with this idea of its warehouse and forklift staff wearing electronic bracelets which helps improve the efficiency of it workers as it means they don’t have to carry around items such as pen and paper as the armband collects this data which also means they are collection correct data. This armband also allows Tesco’s to monitor their staff to check that they are doing their jobs when expected of them and that they are not taking any un-agreed breaks, the arm band also informs the staff of when they are allowed there b reaks. This helps Tesco’s make sure their staff are not working over the hours allowed or working under the hours agreed. A legal factor that impacts Tata motors  is the protection of customers and employees, like all businesses Tata has to keep to legal factors and laws, the need to treat all of their customers fairly and honestly, this helps customers feel they can trust the business as well as giving the a good reputation. Challenges that Tata face when selling their products are making sure they pass the sales of good act which means they need to describe the product exactly how it is and not say it does something it actually doesn’t. It also needs to pass the customer credit act. http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/tata-motors-focus-on-customer-satisfaction-to-woo-back-buyers-114111600186_1.html this article explains how they are going out of their way to make sure the give there customers the best service they possibly can. The article states that Tata motor has previously had problems with their customer service. They have taken this feedback and actually work on making it better by improving the quality of manufacture and repairs. How the business deal with social factors A common social factor that affects business is equal rights for both man and female workers and peoples religion. This could impact Tesco’s as if anyone feels as though they are being judged or unable to do something because of these reasons then they could cause problems for Tesco’s by making complaints either to their managers or their union. To make sure this doesn’t happen Tesco’s has to make sure that their staff know that everyone treated the same and if there are people applying for a job they cannot turn them away because of these reason, the only way they can do this is if someone is disabled in some way and their disability would stop them from doing the job required, however if this is the care they have to inform this person that is the reason but in a kind way as not to offend them. Tesco’s deal with these possible problem by getting new applicants to have a cv which is what they are judged upon or the job, they then have interview/trial which is so that they are then judged upon their abilities to do the job not on the gender or religious view. Tesco’s has coped well with this issues as if you are to go into their stores you are clearly able to see a balanced level of both male and female staff, Tesco’s also considers the religious view and has there store open later and close early on a Sunday as most religions see this a day of rest.

The use of Critical Reflection in Nursing Practice

The use of Critical Reflection in Nursing Practice Nursing practice is a complicated phenomenon, and usually something which has many dimensions. Nurses can develop better understanding of the ways in which they practice, the influences on their practice, and of their responses to challenging situations, through reflection on that practice, and, specifically, reflection on critical incidents. The use of reflection in nursing practice has been established as an important learning and development tool. Not only has it been described as an effective means of engaging in professional and personal development through self-assessment and self-evaluation (Gustafsson and Fagerberg, 2004 p 271), it is also known to be a way of looking at the quality of practice, and questioning how things are done (Bowden, 2003 p 28; Coutts- Jarman, 1993 p 77). Nurses usually use reflective models to guide their practice, as placing a structure on this process makes it more purposeful (Gibbs, 1988, online; Rolfe, 2005 p 78; Jones, 1995 p 783). Price (2004 p 4 6) also argues that reflection is a patient-centered activity, and one that is linked to the development of critical thinking. The NMC (2004 b), the professional body that governs nursing practice and sets the standards for nurses, states that nurses should: Act to ensure the rights of individuals and groups are not compromised; manage risk to provide care which best meet the needs and interests of patients, clients and the public; review and evaluate care with members of the health and social care team, and others; share experiences with colleagues and patients and clients in order to identify the additional knowledge and skills needed to manage unfamiliar or professionally challenging situations; contribute to the learning experiences and development of others by facilitating the mutual sharing of knowledge and experience. This assignment shows how the author has attempted to adhere to these guidelines through this process of reflection. WHAT The author witnessed a member of staff putting medication in the food of a confused and sometimes aggressive patient who regularly refuses their medication. The member of staff was crushing tablets and putting them into the patients food. This patient, an elderly and confused person, is someone dependent upon nursing staff for support with all of their activities of daily living (Farley et al, 2006 p 46). They are difficult to communicate with and it is not possible to get informed consent or true compliance from them. However, the medications were necessary to maintain their state of health, address their mental condition and prevent exacerbations of chronic conditions (such as hypertension). The author was moved to question this practice, and asked the nurse about this, but the reply was rather defensive. It seemed that they believed this was the only way to administer the medications and that it was for the patients own good. SO WHAT To begin with, the author felt that it was important to question this occurrence, because they found it ethically challenging. While the author understood the need to ensure the patient had had their medication, this occurrence challenged previously acquired understanding of informed consent and respecting the rights and dignity of the patient (NMC, 2004a, online). Acting in the best interests of the patient, however, is another requirement of nurses, and in this case, it was easy to see that they did need the medication and that it would help their subjective feelings of wellness to some extent. However, the author would also question how far this would improve their state of being, because with their cognitive impairment, they might not be able to recognize the difference between subjective measures of sense of wellbeing. The main issues in this scenario revolve around the competence of the patient and their ability to give consent (Hedgecoe 2008). The issue of consent is central to nursing practice, particularly in relation to ensuring the patient care is client-centred (DoH, 2001, online; NMC, 2004a, online). The autonomy and dignity of the client is at stake when one considers providing or enforcing care without consent (DoH, 2001, online). Veitch (2002) offers an authoritative overview of the practical issues involved in consent and advises that it is the dividing line between treatment and assault. (Veitch 2002 Pg 11). This is a very important issue to consider, because, as already discussed, the NMC (2008, online) requires nurses to only act in the best interests of their patients. That means being proactive, providing information to the patient, and communicating with them as best they can, even when there are communication difficulties. Veitch (2002) also goes on to comment that Consent is not just the signing of a document prior to undergoing a procedure, it is a hugely complex area with legal, ethical and practical components and all of these are brought into sharp focus when they are compounded by degrees of reduction in cognitive function (Veitch 2002 Pg 22). The problem here is that the patient, who is suffering from vascular dementia, cannot really be considered fully competent to make decisions about their care. They are cognitively impaired, and in need of significant care, surveillance, assistance and input in order to maintain basic levels of health and functioning. As such, this issue highlights the plight of such individuals, because they are occupying a cognitive world which is disconnected from reality, and within which they are unable to reason or understand what is being asked of them (Bowler, 2007). However, in this case, the scenario is taken to be in a residential care home. This means that one could reasonably assume therefore that the patient is not severely cognitively impaired and may suffer from fluctuating degrees of impairment (Bowler 2007). To this extent, the situation may be helped by considering whether they were happy to take the medication when they were less confused. If the patient is normally happy to take their medication when they were cognitively aware, the legal considerations become easier as Lord Donaldson has stated, in legal statute, that if a patient is judged not to be competent then the healthcare professionals who are responsible for their care are also responsible for making a decision that they believe is in the patients best interests and in line with a decision that they believe the patient would have made if they were competent to make it at the time. (Donaldson 1993). It would appear, therefore, that perhaps the actions of the nurse in placing the medication covertly in the patients food is excessive, and may be motivated by expedience and convenience rather than the best interest of the patient. It might be that, as may be the case in many circumstances, preconceptions about patients, and even stereotyping and prejudice, could be affecting actions here, because despite the egalitarian nature of the nursing profession, there appears to be ongoing ageism in clinical practice (DoH, 2001, online). According to the Department of Health in the National Service Framework for Older People (DoH, online), older people are often subject to preconceptions and prejudice because of ageism, and this ageism can be quite subtle, and pervasive in our modern society. Even those who deal extensively in the elderly may be prejudiced towards them, or have some degree of innate ageism (Gunderson et al, 2005 p 167). With the ongoing focus on patient-centeredness (DoH, 2 001, online) and on ensuring patient safety through the highest standards of care (DoH, 2004, online), this author would argue that actions which occur as a result of prejudicial preconceptions are quite likely to place patients at more risk. In this situation, the nurse may possess such preconceptions but be unaware of them, but this action could place the patient at risk. If someone else came along and asked the patient if they had had their medication (obviously in a more lucid moment), the patient would say no, because they would be unaware that this had occurred. Therefore, the patient could be overdosed because a second dose might be given. The ethical considerations that arise from this particular scenario are not the same as the legal ones, although there are large areas of both overlap and concordance of views (Lo, 2005). Hippocrates has been cited as stating that one should first do no harm. (viz Carrick 2000). This is the basis of the Hippocratic Oath which is taken by all doctors in the UK, and also the basis of fundamental principles of healthcare and professional practice. This is effectively translated into the Principle of Non-maleficence which means that the healthcare professionals must ensure that the patient is not harmed. An aggressive and confused patient may well be in danger of harming themselves and suitable treatment can be considered as justified in this context (van Uffelen, Chinapaw, van Mechelen et al. 2008), but it is questionable how much harm would occur due to this refusal to take the medication. The author would question whether it would not be more appropriate to allow the patient time to return to a more lucid state and then give consent for the medication, complying with their care themselves. This would respect their autonomy, and would also mean that the care given was not entirely bound by routines within the residential home, and would mean a patient-centred approach (DoH, 2001, online). The Principle of Beneficence can also be considered here, and it should be noted that this Principle is coloured by the circumstances of the event being considered. One could argue that the use of medication to ease the patients apparent distress is doing good under the terms of this Principle. If the overall aim of nursing practice is to act in the best interests of the patient, then it may be necessary to take such action, and to take responsibility for making such a decision, if it can be fully established that these actions are only done because it is better for the patient. This author would argue that in this situation, if the decision to put the medication in the food is just about expedience, about it being more convenient and manageable for the staff, then this would not be acting within the principle of beneficence. It is important to not just continue with standard or routine practice just because everyone does it. The balance in this situation is between beneficence and m aleficence, and is therefore relating to the motivation of the individual. Is the nurse doing this to avoid having to spend time and energy persuading the patient to take their medication? Or is this simply the best solution because otherwise the patient will not take the medication and will become ill as a result? More details about this would be required to fully understand the ethical challenge here. It would seem that the major problem with hiding medication in food is deception. Although it may be considered a practical expedient, It would not be an appropriate course of action if the patient was rational and competent, so consideration is required as to why it would be considered appropriate just because they are not competent and rational at this time (Wong, Poon, Hui 2007). Therefore, it is appropriate for the author to have questioned this practice, at this time, and to explore the parameters and dimensions of this action (Hargreaves, 2004 p 196). This area of intervention is fraught with difficulty and should not be entered into lightly. If a decision is made by the healthcare professionals to give the medication, it should be recorded in the notes together with the reasons for that decision and it should be given. If the patient will not take tablets then alternative routes of administration should be considered (Welsh and Deah 2007). It is not appropriate to overtly deceive or mislead the patient as doing so contravenes any concept of personal autonomy and dignity (NMC, 2004a, online; NMC, 2008, online). ). However, it may be that this course of action has been agreed with relatives or next of kin who have responsibility for the patient, which clouds the debate somewhat. There appears to be a fine line here between ethical and unethical practice, and therefore, it is important to clearly understand and justify why this course of action was taken. It would also help if nurses could address their own prejudices and potential bias about certain patients, through critical self examination and reflection (Daly, 1998 p 323). This would also help develop critical thinking skills (Daly, 1998 p 323). Nurses could then reflect critically on these kinds of actions to explore if there are not perhaps alternative approaches which could be used, such as providing the medication in a different form, one that is more palatable to the patient. It is not possible to easily define what the right course of action is in these circumstances, but if the nurse adheres to the principles of client centred practice (DoH, 2001, online), it should be easier to evaluate the motivations for these actions and therefore understand the ethical impact of this situation. However, it wo uld also be important to consider the theoretical basis for this, and for nurses in this particular care environment to discuss this practice and come to some consensus relating to the ethical issues and the ethical principles which arise from this kind of situation. NOW WHAT As part of this reflection the author will now try to draw together conclusions about the scenario described and discussed above, evaluating it as a whole. Having reflected on this scenario, it is apparent to the author that there is a lot to be learned from the situation. To begin with, it highlights how complex even simple nursing actions can be, particularly when they address ethical issues. The primary ethical issue in this scenario relates to the autonomy and capacity of the patient, and the motivation for the actions of the nurse involved. Autonomy is a key ethical principle, and respecting the rights and the individuality of the patient is central to professional nursing practice. Patient-centered practice is an ideal, but it should be a fundamental principle and in such a scenario, using patient-centeredness as a benchmark for evaluating care could be a useful way of analyzing whether nursing actions are ethical or not. In this scenario, the author would argue that the nurse should have taken more time with this particular patient, and should perhaps have considered how to provide the medication safely without challenging her autonomy quite so much. It is obvious that deception is a concept and practice that is incompatible with the fundamental principles of nursing and health care. This author has learned from this that covert actions are inacceptable, and if this situation were to arise again, they would feel empowered to challenge it, and to take action, to turn the focus back onto the rights of the patient. It is also important to consider the balance between the factors surrounding what constitutes the best interests of the patient. There will always be an ongoing negotiation, in situations when the patient is not fully competent, but if the nurse adheres to ethical principles, they will provide patient-centered care and this must, ultimately, meet the individual needs of the patient. This process of reflection has been a significant learning journey for the author, because it has broadened and deepened their understanding and insight into ethical challenges they face in their daily work and practice. Reflection, guided by a constructive model, has helped the author to analyze and evaluate this situation, and to explore the parameters of the ethics and philosophies which apply to it. The author has found that carrying out this reflection has not only enhanced their understanding of this situation, and of the complexities of the ethical questions raised by it, but also enhanced their critical thinking skills. Ethical decision making in nursing appears to be something that is hard to pin down, as ethical questions often leave a degree of confusion about the right and the wrong thing to do. Such is the case here, but the author has learned that there is literature to inform the nurse about the rights and wrongs of the more ambiguous ethical dilemmas, and that using such information can aid understanding and improve future practice.

Case Study of Bolivar and Contemporary Greek Mythology Essay -- Nikos

The excessive element of the hero in both the poetic and artistic expression of Nikos Engonopoulos: The case study of â€Å"Bolivar† and the contemporary revival of Greek mythology It is, I think, in itself an heroic act to speak today of heroes and heroic excession in an era that is characterized as anti heroic. In earlier times – much earlier than the nineteenth century – the history of human achievement was not conceived of as anything but the history of heroic deeds which the distinguished dared to undertake and successfully managed to execute (J.P.Vernant 1989: 145) and whose memory is still alive. But, nowadays, achievement is considered to be the transient personal flaunting in fields such as politics, economics, athletics and entertainment. Those people, indeed, inspire admiration bordering on deification, reverence, in other words, equal to the admiration for heroes of earlier times, adoration of idols. Our time is antiheroic, a time in which idols have substituted for heroes and the necessity for selfassertion and personal benefit wins over this collective development. However, the question still remains as to the excess in human potential and the choices confronting an adventurous temperament extinguishing or at least neglecting fear in the face of danger. No matter how extraordinary and insane it might be, very often, heroic behaviour continues to enchant. This happens, possibly, because of the element of excess which is characterised, more than at any other time, by a convergence of the desire of modern man not to be hemmed in by individual â€Å"musts† of the technological civilization and a desire to return to the charm of the fairy-tales of his childhood years. This effort to accept the reality is neve... ...nica Mc Goldrick, 1995. 16. Todorov Tzvetan, 1995, Les abus de la memoire, Arlea, Paris. 17. Gellner Ernest, 2002, Nationalism, Alexandria Athens. B. Articles 1. Engonopoulos Nikos, May 1956, Zygos, â€Å"Are there common points of contact between modern art and the ideal of Greek art?†, Athens. 2. Friar Kimon, 1978, Modern poetry, â€Å"Simon and Schuster†, New York. 3. Gonzales F., 1976, Collection Voix, Maspero,  « Battle, N. Engonopoulos, Bolivar, Introduction, traduction et postface », Paris. 4. Vasiliou A ., 1978, Modern thought, 20, â€Å"Engonopoulos – Empirikos and Greek surrealism†, Athens. 5. Diamantopoulou Evangelia, May 2000, Elelef, 3, â€Å" Fear and fearless heroes in Theophilos Hadjimichail’ s paintings†, Athens. 6. Diamantopoulou Evangelia, 2002, Anef, 5, â€Å"Aphrodite, goddess of ancient Greece, goddess of the sea: the artistic proposal of Theophilos†, Cyprus.

Hair Manifesto :: Personal Narrative Creative Writing Essays

Hair Manifesto Whenever I travel to another part of the US or another country in the world I find myself taking on the vocal and speech patterns of a native speaker. I lose my own way of speaking, and adopt that area's accent. I am an Accent Chameleon. I find it a fun little linguistic/sociological game. And so, this summer while working in a restaurant deep in the heart of Dupont Circle in Washington DC, an area known far and wide for its dense Guppie (gay male + yuppie) population, where 80% of the staff was gay, it seemed only natural that I should adopt this Guppie mode of communication, behavior, self-representation. I was a Sexual Identity Gender Expression Chameleon. SIGEC, for short. I became a gay boy. It was a sociological extrapolation. Further beyond the reach of any autonomy I possessed. And afterall, who doesn't simply adore another acronym in their life? So much of my demeanor changed. I incorporated that flipping of the wrist thing into my every interaction. My body developed a certain poise, as I flowed gracefully, melodramatically from room to room. I oozed sass. And to uphold just a few more stereotypes about gay male culture of the 21st century, it was during this SIGECian period of my life when I first discovered my Inner Hair Dresser. It started with a minor compulsion to do hair. I found myself spending more time than ever before staring into the mirror, strategically situating each strand. But it quickly escalated, infecting the realm of my desire: I wanted to cut hair. Mine, my housemate's, that guy who walked by me in the park and so desperately needed to trim off his mullet. Anyone. I found myself nightly snipping off different pieces of hair, my wastebasket mounding with black, brown, bleached little trimmings, the cast-offs of my art. I became irked easily when people paid $9.99 for a shoddy Super Cuts do. The judgment of a hair snob. I became restless, itching to conquer hairdos of all genres. Strolling on busy streets, I was a flaneur, constantly taking in the hairstyles moving past me. In the supermarket, I insatiably devoured the hair concepts sprouting atop all the shoppers. I was a machine, always, everywhere calculating length and luster, shade and sheen and type of sheers used. I had undergone a pop-cultural metamorphosis, emerging from my cocoon a hair person.

Nanking

The signing of the Nanking treaty proved to be an important catalyst in the eventual shift of ideas and principles concerning colonialism. Such document proved to be the instigator for the change in political ideals that affected countries in East Asia in their view of Western powers. In the end, the image of these legal codes served as an instrument in creating and paving for colonialism in East Asia. It can be argued that there has been an evolution of ideas when the Nanking Treaty was signed. This was evident not only among Western ideals but also among countries in East Asia as well (Japan). One thing that can be argued here is the creation of these legal documents to promote the exploitation of natural resources which is brought about by one factor – colonialism. Here we see the creation of colonial knowledge’s that served as an instigator to promote colonialism, particularly in East Asia. Wagoner (2003) says that colonial knowledge is â€Å"forms and bodies of knowledge that enabled European colonizers to achieve domination over their colonized subjects around the globe.† One such example is legal codes inscribed in every treaty that gives privileges to states to practice such concept. The Nanking Treaty serves as one component in legitimizing the practice of colonialism in China. There are several provisions in the treaty that exhibits such idea and creates the grounds for exploitation. Treaty of Nanking (1842) provides that â€Å"it being obviously necessary and desirable that British subjects should have some port whereat they may [maintain] and refit their ships when required, and keep stores for that purpose.† Such idea raises the question of equality of application in the mentioned treaty. Looking at it, there seems to be an evident discrepancy in the area of equality as far as the treaty is concerned. The mentioned treaty provides more benefits to the winning side (Great Britain) and penalties for the losing faction (China). Treaty of Nanking (1842) says that â€Å"His Majesty the Emperor of China cedes to Her Majesty the Queen of Great Britain, &c., the Island of Hong-Kong, to be possessed in perpetuity by Her Britannic Majesty,† This created a different perspective in the political environment especially in China. Prior to the Opium wars and signing of the Nanking Treaty, Chinese status in the realm of World Politics was regarded to be of high regard. After the defeat from the British, Chinese grasp slowly diminished as it lost control over certain privileges enjoyed by the state. It is through this, that other Western states also used such weakness for their personal gains. Bond (2007) mentions that â€Å"Sensing blood France, Russia and the United States all piled in with similar treaties granting similar access.† Such legal codes proved to be an instrument for inequalities and semi-colonial relationships. Realizing its extent, it can be argued that such event created a shift in the societal level as people and other traits begin to exhibit traits comparable to their colonizers. Wagoner (2003) says that â€Å"indigenous intellectuals in reality contributed actively to the process, and that colonial knowledge was thus produced through a complex form of collaboration between colonizers and colonized, and an attendant process of epistemic confrontation and adjustment between European and indigenous knowledge systems.† Though such treaty may promote ‘equality before the law’, realistically it showcases a different treatment among Chinese counterparts. Treaty of Nanking (1842) stipulates â€Å"Her Majesty the Queen of Great Britain, &c., will appoint Superintendents, or Consular officers, to reside at each of the above-named cities or towns, to be the medium of communication between the Chinese authorities and the said merchants, and to see that the just duties and other dues of the Chinese Government,† Lastly, such issue created a justification for other rising powers to exhibit the same ideology promoted by Western States as far as colonialism is concerned. Japan, for one, evolved from its isolationist ways and started to practice and exhibit the colonialist ideals. To conclude, the Nanking Treaty proved to be a catalyst for political and economic changes in East Asia. These legal codes provided the justification for colonialism and exploitation as it greatly affected the way other states both in East Asia and the West perceive China. Work Cited Bond, David. Silk Road or Silver Road. 2007. accessed March 14, 2008 Wagoner, Philip B. Precolonial Intellectuals and the Production of Colonial Knowledge in ‘Comparative Studies in Society and History 2003 45 (UK; Cambridge University Press) pp.783-814 ‘Treaty of Nanking’ 1842 accessed March 14, 2008 from

Enterprise Resource Planning (Erp) System

Enterprise resource planning (ERP) system is specifically designed to enable personnel throughout an organization to view the set of data rather than requiring it to be moved across applications. The new SAP Product Life-cycle Management (PLM) are based on the concept that personnel should have confidence that the information they have is as accurate and up-to-date as what others in the enterprise are receiving and, therefore, everyone is on the same page. It also intended to gather data using one piece of software to optimize the organization of that data and make it easier to access and manage. Because of that the enhanced SAP Product Life-cycle Management (PLM) helps to unify Acterna. Gain product and sales benefits are the potential the product has in collaboration with outside companies. By doing this, the outside company would have a up-to-date information and idea about the organization, and clarify the issue that they may have. It will also expanding the organization’s market reach. The enhanced SAP product is intended to make information available to all personnel in the enterprise who need it. It overcome the traditional functional silos that have historically inhibited the free flow of information in enterprises. A traditional data structure where each functional area has its own data, tied into separate applications. Communications between the silos is often difficult and expensive. On the other hand, centralized data structure where data are shared will reduce and eliminate the need for communication just to transfer data because all have access to the same data. Plus, the interface with users is standard across different company modules, it minimizing the training required for personnel who change their jobs within the company. Therefore, the convenience of data access and minimize cost are some of the main reasons why Acterna would make the investment in this software.

Health Promotion Issue Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Health Promotion Issue - Essay Example One such issue is the issue of smoking among health promoters. This issue is one of the most common issues in health care because it negates the teachings and goals which the health practitioners seek for their patients. Patients who have cardiovascular diseases and respiratory tract diseases may find it hard to take their doctor or nurse seriously if these health professionals advice them to quit smoking. In the end, the credibility of these health promoters is diminished. This paper shall now identify the way in which politics relates to this health promotion issue. In addition, it shall consider one theoretical knowledge base (advocacy) and evaluate the way it relates to practice. This paper is being carried out in order to establish a clear understanding of health promotion and the issues which interfere with it. Discussion Health promoters like nurses, doctors, pharmacists, occupational therapists, and other health professionals have vulnerabilities similar to the general popula tion. Just as the general population can be vulnerable to addictive behaviours and substance abuse, so can health promoters (Ayad, 2010, p. 11). The difference is that these health promoters are fully aware of the dangers that their possible addictions can bring to their body and their overall health condition. Moreover, the fact that these health promoters teach and educate their patients and the general public about applying and implementing healthy habits into their life, makes the addictive behaviours a greater concern (Ayad, 2010, p. 11). For the most part, they are compromising their credibility and believability as health professionals and as health promoters. Statistics in the US indicate that smokers among the health professionals are mostly nurses, with about 8% of nurses being smokers and only 1% of physicians being smokers (Ayad, 2010, p. 11). The fact that some of these health professionals smoke within health facilities makes this issue an even more difficult one to re solve. In the UK, the issue of smoking is more prevalent in the nursing profession, with about 30% of nurses being smokers, as compared to doctors with only about 9% of them being smokers (Nursing Times, 2008). With the above scenario in the health care practice, the issue of health promotion now stems from the credibility of health promoters who are also smokers. The health promotion process among nurses, doctors, and other health professionals can be considered in the wider area of health promotion – in terms of politics and research. Politics, more specifically, legislation and policy-making can help implement wider health promotion standards. In different countries and institutions, no smoking ordinances have been used as a means of promoting better health for the general population. In a study by Fichtenberg and Glantz (2002, p. 325), the authors set out to evaluate the impact of having smoke-free workplaces on smoking employees. This study was able to establish that hav ing totally smoke-free workplaces are linked with the reduced prevalence of smoking among smokers. The combination of decreased ease and convenience by which smokers can indulge their habits is effectively reducing the prevalence of smoking among health promoters. Moreover, smoke-free workplaces help protect non-smokers from the negative effects of passive smoking (Fichtenberg and Glantz, 2002, p. 325). Non-smoking policies in hospitals and in other health care facilities assist in the process of reducing smoking among hea

Energy Economic Study Questions 2 Research Paper

Energy Economic Study Questions 2 - Research Paper Example If there is excess demand and low supply prices increase. ‘Cheating’ by OPEC members refers to a situation where members do not comply with quotas set by OPEC. It involves member countries producing more than the quantity required by OPEC. Some members such as Nigeria produce more than the set quantity because of their economic status. Cheating by member countries affects the supply of oil hence affecting prices set by OPEC. World oil situation refers to the current quantity of oil available and the prevailing prices. Improved world oil situation refers to a situation where oil producing countries produce oil in sufficient quantities to meet demand. The availability of oil and in standard prices is considered the normal situation. OPEC have the power to influence the world oil situation by producing more or little oil. Energy efficiency has contributed to improved world oil situation by reducing over reliance on oil e.g. use of electric trains. This causes people to slowly shift from the use of no renewable oil to use of electricity hence reducing the strain on oil resources. New technologies for finding and extraction of oil have contributed to increased oil situation. This has made it easier to discover more oil wells. More oil wells will lead to increased supply hence improving the world oil situation. Also, better understanding of the local geology is a contributing factor. Jaccard uses economic concepts such as consumer response to prices, greater use of coal and near perfect substitution in his argument that depletion of conventional oil resources is unlikely to be cataclysmic. When price of a good increase, there is slow response initially, and this keeps the price constant for a while. This slow response is equivalent to fall in demand for the product. This is because people look for other alternatives. In the case of oil, money might flow from gas and oil to other alternatives. Jaccard believes that with oil, coal is an alternative.

Arrests vs. Stops (Response) Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Arrests vs. Stops (Response) - Assignment Example driving are more invasive because the driver would be denied his or her right to freedom of movement, taken to court, and fined, leaving their individual life more disrupted. The discussion draws several parallels from the findings of Fields and Emshwiller (2014) in relation to the more far-reaching effects of arrests. However, unlike the discussion, Fields and Emshwiller have backed up their findings with more reliable facts and figures relating to the expected education achievement and the economic status of the suspects or convicts at 25 years of age. For instance, according to Fields and Emshwiller (2014), 21% of individuals arrested by 23 will own a home; 15% of victims of arrests who are acquitted by courts will own a home; and 10% of victims of arrest and conviction will own a home at 25. The researchers provide accurate figures suggesting that arrests and subsequent conviction have lasting, negative effects on the victims. However, the research falls short of exploring other equally important contributing social factors affecting education, future employment and income among adolescents. These factors include; family income, race, ethnicity and parenting. Generally, better family income among people of color, effective parenting and white race are factors which are usually associated with better social and economic prospects of adolescents in adulthood. Fields, G., & Emshwiller, J.R., (2014). As Arrest Records Rise, Americans Find Consequences Can Last a Lifetime. Retrieved from

Independents study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Independents study - Essay Example Ordinarily, marketing is considered an activity or function performed by business firms. However, marketing can also be carried out by other organizations and even by individuals. Whenever you try to persuade somebody to buy something, you are performing a marketing activity. Broadly viewed, the essence of marketing is a transaction - an exchange. Marketing occurs any time one social unit strives to exchange something of value with another social unit. Thus, marketing consists of all activities designed to generate and facilitate any exchange intended to satisfy human needs or wants ( Stanton, 1991). eMarketing is the "product of the meeting between modern communication technologies and the age-old marketing principles that humans have always applied.E-marketing or electronic marketing refers to the application of marketing principles and techniques via electronic media and more specifically the Internet. The terms eMarketing, Internet marketing and online marketing, are frequently interchanged, and can often be considered synonymous." eMarketing is the process of marketing a brand using the Internet. It includes both direct response marketing and indirect marketing elements and uses a range of technologies to help connect businesses to their customers. By such a definition, eMarketing encompasses all the activities a business conducts via the worldwide web with the aim of attracting new business, retaining current business and developing its brand identity. E-marketing involves marketing planning within the context of the e-business e-environment. So not surprisingly, the successful e-marketing plan is based on traditional marketing disciplines and planning techniques, adapted for the digital media environment and then mixed with new digital marketing communications techniques This research looked into the advantages and limitations of eMarketing in an attempt to guide prospective marketers in the sale of their products. The Research Problem This research tried to look into the advantages and limitations of eMarketing. Much has been said about these aspects of emarketing but a few so far had looked into the benefits and limitations derived from it. Specifically, it attempted to answer the following questions: 1. What is eMarketing 2. What are the advantages of eMarketing 3. What are the limitations/disadvantages of eMarketing Related Literature This part describes and discusses important concepts, ideas, judgments and opinions of experts and authorities on topics which have bearing on the present study. The studies and literature have been reviewed to provide insights and to help the researcher in formulating problems and hypothesis and aid in the analysis and interpretation of data. What is eMarketing eMarketing is essentially part of marketing. The American Marketing Association (AMA) definition (2004) is as follows: "Marketing is an organizational function and a set of processes for creating, communicating and delivering value to customers and for managing customer relationships in ways that benefit the organization and its stakeholders." Therefore eMarketing by its very nature is one aspect of an organizational

You can choose the topic Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

You can choose the topic - Research Paper Example In the ‘experience machine’ proposed by Nozick, we may be brought to ask – how can one be infinitely happy in a setting where no knowledge or feeling of pain is evident? How is it ever possible in a virtual sphere of living to attain true happiness if in this world we have no way of distinguishing pain from pleasure since pleasure is all there is? Apart from any form of suffering or unpleasant experience, it would be difficult to figure out what being truly happy is like for our basic concept of happiness is normally derived from the notion of its opposite. Moreover, Nozick’s virtual machine, as it is by nature, would bear no potential of subjecting us to the challenges which form the essence of life as we have been significantly aware of through our regular encounter of reality. Dwelling in an ‘experience machine’ occurs to be an equivalent of living in a place where no one can be expected to pay regard for the value of ethics. All that matters herein is pleasure in its ultimate level or concentration so that each individual finds no required commitment to care or even think of someone else’s welfare. Apparently, such person may go through the typical course of virtual life in which one solely lives for oneself, a rather selfish endeavor to ponder about. To assure there could be eternal bliss in a place that mechanically generates object of happiness and takes full control of our senses to be conditioned towards the state of mirth alone and with no trace of low-spiritedness is impossible. As human beings who have initially become acquainted and accustomed to the several truths found in reality, we see our external differences from each other and know primarily that our distinct character traits from the rest of our kind exhibit the fact that each one of us is unique. Because of this, the meaning of happiness may be established as one and the

Research paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Research Paper Example The study objectives of this study include the analysis of the status of internet marketing in Hong Kong, to examine the effectiveness of internet marketing at Hong Kong, and to examine the behavior and the viewpoints of consumers, towards internet marketing (Anderson, Claes, & Lehmann 53). Introduction There is no doubt that the internet continues to shape consumer trends not only in Hong Kong, but also in the rest of the world. The internet has grown into a crucial source of information for the entire population. In response to this trend, and the growing influence of the internet, advertisers and marketers found it a useful tool to reach target consumers. Due to the integrated nature of the role of the internet in marketing, the effectiveness of online advertising has remained an issue of debate among consumers, scholars and advertisers (Charlesworth 33-334). This paper will be an analysis of the status of internet marketing in Hong Kong and its effectiveness in shaping purchasing behaviors of Hong Kong consumers. Basically, the paper will analyze the role played by internet advertizing in influencing Hong Kong’s consumer behavior. ... ance publication of 2008 noted that the amounts spent on internet advertising in Hong Kong are in the range of HK$ 172 million, for the opening quarter of 2008. Of the total expenditure, electrical and computer appliances grouping contributed the most, giving a total of HK$ 30 million. During this quarter of 2008, more than 1000 advertisers advertised their wares over the internet: 5.5 billion internet-advertising impressions and 2800 campaigns. Previous studies show that advertising – directly or indirectly influences the purchasing behavior of consumers. According to Charlesworth, customers with a fair outlook towards advertising are more likely to be influenced by advertising – into making purchases (67-69). Undoubtedly, there are many types of advertisements, which people can use to advertise their products and services. Currently, internet advertising has proved to be the most effective method of marketing products. The emergence of the internet as a tool for marke ting has so far proved to be one of the most effective methods of boosting consumer behavior. It is imperative to note that internet use began in 1980s and has since grown tremendously throughout the world. The emergence of new technologies such as fiber optics has even led to the increase of business opportunities, but its use as well. All over the world, over 150 million people use internet for various purposes, and the numbers keep on increasing each day. Today, through internet, the world has become a global village where consumers use the smallest gadgets—mobile phones—to buy products and services (Faber, Lee, and Xiaoli 447). From internet banking to money transfer to online purchasing, the internet has become a powerful device in the consumer industry. Various governments are busy putting

Myofascial Triggger Point Essay Example for Free

Myofascial Triggger Point Essay This chapter is the review of the available literature concerning the theoretic content that is necessary to understand the trapezius muscle and its role in the symptoms associated with upper back pain. Particularly the issues about the types of trigger points, including a discussion of myofascial trigger point therapy and acupuncture trigger point therapy. More importantly the awareness and understanding on how to improve the quality of life by learning about the alternative options, making changes and applying self-help strategies on myofascial trigger points. Given this points, a brief description of the topics are noted: It is painful to say that about 23 million persons, or 10 percent of the U. S. population, have one or more chronic disorders of the musculoskeletal system (Imamura, Fischer, Imamura, Teixeira, Tchia Kaziyama, (1997). The most common reason for the breakthrough of pain and rigidity in the head, neck and shoulder is the development of myofascial trigger points (MTrPs) activity in those areas. Factors responsible to set in motion trigger point in the muscles of the neck and shoulder region include postural disorders, drooping of the shoulder girdle, direct and indirect overloading of the neck muscles, acute trauma to the neck and anxiety (Baldry, 2002). For instance, the muscle most often affected by MTrPs is the trapezius muscle. Any position or task that requires the shoulders to carry out the weight of the upper extremities repeatedly or for prolonged periods of time overloads the upper trapezius muscle, and strongly boosts the development of MTrPs (Mense, 2001). Incidentally, MTrPs extremely common and became a painful part of nearly everyone’s life at one time or another. ), the upper trapezius active MTrPs are common in patients presenting neck pain (Simons Travell 1999). Surprising statistics suggested that neck pain has a lifetime incidence of 45%-54% in the general population (Fernandez-de-las-Penas, Alonso-Blanco Mangolarra, 2007). Trigger points are tender to direct pressure or squeezing, they are painful and they are palpable as hard nodules. Rachlin, 2005). In fact, Simons Travell (1999) has described pain due to TrPs is a cause of pain in all parts of the body and it has been reported as a source of pain in numerous medical conditions. Patients presenting mainly with upper body pain or headaches are more likely to MTrPs pain than patients presenting with pain located elsewhere (Rachlin, 2005). Indeed, therapy for MTrPs has been used by Bilkstad and Gemmell, (2008) with anecdotal success in patients with non-specific neck pa in. Gemmell and Allen’s (2008) study also proved that a session of trigger point therapy, has a clinical meaningful effects in the treatment of acute trigger points of the upper trapezius muscle. Certainly acupuncture for MTrPs is an effective and efficient technique for the treatment of myofascial pain and dysfunction. That is, an acupuncture needle is inserted through the skin and moved gently up and down through the MTrPs. The effect is to de-activate the trigger point and relax the muscle according to Travell and Simons (1999). Furthermore, studies of neck pain have proposed that manipulation is an effective therapy, especially when combined with exercise (Rubinstein, Leboeuf-Yde, Knol, de Koekkoek, Pfeifle van Tulder, 2008). Gatterman (2005) stated that chiropractic treatment of the spine has a relaxing effect on the spinal muscle and a loosening effect on spinal articulations, hence making a difference in a number of ailments drawn by cervical structure. Historical Background Review  Back to 1816, British physician Balfour, as cited by Stockman, described â€Å"nodular tumors and thickenings which were painful to the touch, and from which pains shot to neighboring parts† (Stockman, 1904 p. 107-116). In 1841, trigger points have been documented in western medicine research. In the European literature, regional musculoskeletal pain conditions have been documented since the 18th century (Reynolds, 1983). Dr. Janet Travell (1901-1997) is generally credited for bringing MTrPs to the attention of healthcare providers. MTrPs have been described and rediscovered for several centuries by various clinicians and researchers as far back as the 16th century, de Baillou (1538-1616), Ruhmann (1940) described what is now known as myofascial pain syndrome (MPS). Bron Dommerholt, ( 2012, p. 1) acknowledges, myofascial pain syndrome is defined as the â€Å"sensory, motor, and autonomic symptoms caused by Mypfascial Trigger Points†, and has become a recognized medical diagnosis among pain specialists. The first trigger point manual was published in 1931 in Germany nearly a decade before Dr.  Janet Travell became interested in MTrPs These early descriptions and other historic papers did illustrate the basic features of MTrPs quite accurately (Simons, 1975). In 1966, Dr. Travell founded the North American Academy of Manipulative Medicine, together with Dr. John Mennell, who also published several articles about MTrPs (Mennell, 1976-1989). In the early 1960s, Dr. David Simons was introduced to Dr. Travell and her work, which became the start of a fruitful collaboration eventually resulting in several publications, including the Trigger Point Manuals (Simons Travell 1999). The Trigger Point Manuals are the most comprehensive review of nearly 150 muscle referred-pain patterns based on Dr. Travell’s clinical observations, and they include an extensive review of the scientific basis of MTrPs. Both volumes have been translated into several foreign languages. These books are considered the definitive reference on myofascial pain and locating trigger points. Trapezius Muscle This diamond shape muscle is situated in the neck and upper part of the back and lies most superficially (Moore Dalley, 2006). It was given its name because the muscles of the two sides form a trapezium. The main action of the trapezius is to aid in head, neck and the clavicle movement. The trapezius commonly contains trigger points, and referred pain from these trigger points bring patients to the office more often than for any other problem. Figure 2. 1 shows the trapezius- a large kite-shaped muscle, covering much of the back and posterior neck. There are three main parts to the muscle: the Upper, middle, and lower part. Each part has its own actions and often different functions. Figure 2. 1 Trapezius Muscle Namely the upper portion of the trapezius muscle laterally flexes the head and the neck towards the same side, and assists in extreme rotation of the head so that the face turns to the opposite side. It can draw the clavicle backwards and raise it by rotating the clavicle. It usually helps to carry the weight of the upper limb during standing, or support a weight in the hand with the arm hanging. Acting bilaterally, the upper fibers extend the head and the neck . The upper trapezius can reflect headaches on the temples, dizziness, severe neck pain, intolerance to weight on your shoulders. While the middle trapezius reflects pain on the mid-back, headaches at the base of your skull and superficial burning pain close to the spine. On the other hand lower trapezius on the mid-back refers pain to the neck, and/or upper shoulder region (Simons Travell, 1999). Figure 2. 2 Trapezius Trigger Points Myofascial Trigger Points The word myofascial means muscle tissue (myo) and the connective tissue in and around it (fascia). According to the most commonly accepted theory, a myofascial trigger point ( Figure 2. ) is an area of hypersensitivity in a taut band, or contraction knot of skeletal muscle with respect to pain (Simons, et al. , 1999), as opposed to healthy muscle, which does not contain taut bands or trigger point (Shah, et al. 2005). The trigger point feels like a pea embedded within the muscle to the touch. A trigger point is always tender and becomes painful, like contracted knots that refers pain and tightness upon direct compression and is mediated by a local twitch response (Hong, 2006; Simons et al. , 1999; Simons, 2004). Auleciems (1995) furthermore researched the incidence of MPS, reported to be as high as 85% at certain American pain clinics. Figure 2. 3 Myofascia Trigger Point Taut Band Myofascial Trigger Point Development There are existing studies to account for the development of trigger points and subsequent pain patterns, but scientific evidence is lacking. Many researchers concur that an acute injury or repetitive small injuries may lead to the development of a trigger point which creates some degree of tissue damage (Rachlin, 2005). The damage to muscle and connective tissue can befall several ways. From lack of exercise, prolonged poor posture, vitamin deficiencies, sleep disturbances, and joint problems (Simons Travell, 1999). Examples of predisposing activities such as typing/moussing, handheld electronics, gardening, home improvement projects, work environments, holding a telephone receiver between the ear and shoulder to free arms; prolonged bending over a table; sitting in chairs with poor back support, improper height of arm rests or none at all (Simpson McCarthy, 2001); sustained loading as with heavy lifting, carrying babies, briefcases, boxes, wearing body armor or lifting bedridden patients. Injury from falling down stairs or whiplash injury in a motor vehicle accident (Lavelle, Lavelle, Susti, 2007). Myofascial Trigger Point Classification Trigger points are classified as being active or latent. The active, painful phase of the trigger point is the one which motivates people to seek relief. The active trigger point hurts when pressed with a finger and causes pain around it and in other areas. (Hong, 2006; Simons, 2004). The active trigger point referral symptom may feel like a dull ache, deep, pressing pain, burning, or a sensation of numbness and fatigue. If unaddressed or ineffectively treated, eventually other muscles around the dysfunctional one become stressed and develop secondary trigger points. It is not unusual for chronic pain patients to have multiple, overlapping referred pain patterns, making diagnosis and treatment more complex. Trigger points can also lie quietly in muscles, sometimes for years. This type of trigger point is called latent. Latent trigger points are very common. Probably one wont know they are there for the fact that they cause pain unless it is compressed. Latent trigger points cause restricted movement, distorted muscle movement patterns; stiffness and weakness of the affected muscle (Fricton, Kroening, Haley Siegert, 1985). When firm pressure is applied over the trigger point in a snapping often causes the muscle to â€Å"jump† or briskly contract a â€Å"local twitch response† (Simons et al. , 1999). The reaction of a twitch response during palpation of a trigger point, or during a trigger point release procedure, is a reliable confirmation that the trigger point has been accurately located. When a trigger point in one muscle can create pain in another area it is known as referred pain. This referred pain is felt not at the site of the trigger-point origin, but remote from it (Mense Schmit, 1977). For example (Figure. 2. 4), a primary trigger point in the upper trapezius muscle refers pain to the temple region of the head. All muscle tissue is potentially prone to developing trigger points. Fig. 2. 4 Referred Pain from Trapezius Trigger Points Treatment of Myofascial Trigger Points As a matter of fact treating each trigger point is relatively simple. Treating the whole myofascial pain syndrome so that pain fully goes away is a more complicated process. Pharmacologic treatment of patients with chronic muscle pain includes analgesics and medications to induce sleep and relax muscles. Antidepressants, anti-inflammatory drugs are often prescribed (Imamura et al. , 1997). The long-term clinical efficacy of various therapies is not clear, because data that incorporate pre- and post-treatment assessments with control groups are not available. No laboratory test or imaging technique has been established for diagnosing trigger points (Fricton et al. , 1985). However, the use of ultrasonography, electromyography, thermography, and muscle biopsy has been studied. A variety of hands-on skills, such as stretching, massage, manipulation, mobilization and strengthening (Simons, 2002), and a wide variety of modalities namely, diathermy, transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation, ethyl chloride Spray and Stretch technique, dry needling, and trigger-point injections with local anesthetic, saline, or steroid heat, ice, ultrasound, electrical stimulation, mechanical pressure and light energy, are available to physicians and therapists for the treatment of trigger points (Edward Knowles, 2003). For instance trigger point therapies can help specifically a number of health issues such as: 1) Relieve migraine and headache 2) Alleviate low-back pain and improve range of motion Ease dependence over the counter or prescription medication 3) Release endorphins that work as the bodys natural painkiller 4) Enhance immunity by stimulating the bodys natural defense system. 5) Increase blood flow to bring oxygen (Dommerholt Huijbregts (2011, p. 18 ). The proposed principle of treatment of MPS is to inactivate the active MTrPs through the use of various therapeutic modalities (Hong, C. 2000). However, the various treatments are beyond the scope of this study, the main focus here is to determine the efficacy of acupuncture and myofascial trigger point therapy for upper back pain. Acupuncture Trigger point pain may result from old or new injuries, excessive work out, incorrect body mechanics and poor body posture. In this light, acupuncture treatments can help return the balance to muscles. It is one of the safest ways to address physical problems. Using FDA-approved grade of acupuncture needles, it stimulates the muscle fibers, generating involuntary twitching of muscles located on the suspect trigger point (Figure 2. 5). Usually leads to an immediate reduction of the tightness as well as a reduction or elimination of the related problems (Scholar Hong, 2000. Aside from relieving muscles from stress, acupuncture treatment releases endorphins, boosts the nervous system, enhances the immune system, and causes a number of other biochemical and hormonal changes (Napadow, Webb, Pearson, et al. , 2006). Acupuncture is a time proven and safe method to optimize health. In restoring balance to brain and nervous system functions, it helps regulate blood pressure, blood flow and body temperature, which is indirectly beneficial to managing and relieving body stressor (Birch, Hesselink, Jonkman, et al. , (2004).