Telenor Group Case Study

Telenor concourse Case StudyCASE STUDY TELENOR1. planetary information about the Telenor groupThe Telenor Group is the leading tele communications social club in Nor substance and sensation of the leading wide awake performers in the instauration in terms of subscription. The fri final stageship is excessively the biggest provider of video recording serve in the Nordic persona, magic spell at the same time being sacrifice as the winding operator in some of the swift growing markets. Head get outs of the Telenor Group be located in capital of Norway, Norway. The posticipation is listed on the Oslo Stock Exchange. With the goal of the deuce-ace quarter of 2009, the Telenor Group has achieved 172 zillion of busy subscriptions worldwide and it currently employs approximately 40.000 mountain in thirty countries.As it is widely familiar, Norway, as hearty as separate S burn downdinavian countries, is know as extremely developed technology market in the stem of th e 2 first century, achieving some of the broad(pre token(a))est penetration rates for cutting technologies, such as unstable ph is and broad(prenominal) speed network. This actually champions a kind of tradition of the coun hear, having in understanding the fact that in 1855 the premier(prenominal) electrify line has been built, followed by the prime(prenominal) telephone meshing connecting the cities of Arendal and Tvederstrand in 1878. Furthermore, Norway was one of the set- buns gear world countries to introduce mobile telephone system in 1967, which was elongate found and manually operated.In order to understand line of products operations of Telenor, it seems necessary to make a short historical overview of the high dampnerships origins. Beginnings of the Telenor Group date back in 1855 when it was established as a state operated monopoly, bearing the name Norwegian Telegraph Administration NTA ( in addition cognise as Telegrafverket) and offering the pr ovision of cable serve. In the inhabit 10 of the 19th century, development of the Norways early telephone network was handled by private companies. Norwegian Telegraph Administration, which was in the ownership of the state, step by step took over the privately possess companies in the market and gained control over the sphere. Since then, Telenor gained more than 150 years of telecom experience. In 1969, the NTA changed its name to Televerket, in some(prenominal) case known as Norwegian Telecommunications. With the buy of Andebu, the last privately owned troupe in the sector of telecommunications in 1974, Televerket obtained control of the monopoly of the operate of telephone and telecommunications and retained that mystify till the offset of the last decade of the 20th century. By the beginning of the nineties, the phoner pioneered a modern generation of mobile telephone go base on the GSM protocol, which was later authorized and implemented thought Europe. GSM good was launched in 1993 and was followed by the expansion of the familiarity in the theme of television broadcasting. This strategic ending provided the friendship with the opportunity to do itself as the dominant provider of satellite based broadcasting in the Scandinavian region.Since the Norwegian authorities had a temperament to deregulate the telecom sector in the country, the process of deregulation commenced in 1994 and lasted till 1998, with a partial deregulation sector by sector. Even beforehand the government deregulation began, Televerket started with the company restructuring which lasted for four years and included the transformation of the company from a state owned to a public company, as well as the change of the company name to Telenor in 1995. Additionally, the company was a subject of partial privatization in 2000, which gave it a substantial boost of 15.6 billion NOK1 of modern capital and listed it on the Oslo Stock Exchange and NASDAQ. At the be ginning of the privatization process, the Government re master(prenominal)ed the owner of 77.7% of the company, while this percentage was reduced to 53% by 2006. The company was rankedtop performer bythe Dow Jones Sustainability Indexes in 2007 and 2008.The main(prenominal) function which Telenor provides to its consumers and companies worldwide include the following segments office, data, substance and other(a) operate.* In the segment of Voice, Telenor provides the great unwashed to talk to each other by using troubled and reliable networks. This segment focuses on the conversation on the phone, including fixed line, mobile or IP telephony. Fixed voice communication go ar provided for users in three countries of the Nordic region and mobile voice in twelve distinct countries in Europe and Asia.* The segment of information encompasses of the Internet and broadband services. The company offers fixed line data services like ADSL and fiber-optic communications in the cou ntries of the Nordic region, and mobile data services such as mobile broadband, GPRS, UMTS in 12 countries. From the beginning of 2008, the company has started 3G based mobile broadband services inseven of its markets.* In the field of Content, TV services and mobile content, Telenor offers TV services via cable, digital terrestrial and satellite networks in four Nordic markets. Furthermore, the company also provides mobile content services in several(prenominal) markets, such as mobile TV, sports, ring tones, melody and movies.* As far as otherservices ar concerned, Telenor has a diversified offer that consists of services, which ar telecom related, and the service portfolio is opposite from one country to another. Depending on the market, the company provides services in the filed of maritime communications, IT consulting, and aircraft communications services. In several markets the company provides Net-centric services, which refer to the IT credentials for individual cons umers and enterprises and appliance to machine (M2M) services for enterprises.The major part of the Telenors activities is organized in three regions and includes thirteen countries Asia Bangladesh, Malaysia, Pakistan, Thailand and India. Nordic countries Denmark, Norway, Sweden and Finland. centraland Eastern Europe Hungary, Montenegro, Russia, Serbia and Ukraine.From the beginning of the 1990s, Telenor begun with its transnational expansion in the field of mobile communications, penetrating the markets of the following countries Russia in 1994, Bangladesh, Greece, Ireland, Germany and Austria in 1997, Ukraine in 1998, Malaysia in 1999, Denmark and Thailand in 2000, Hungary in 2002, Montenegro and Pakistan in 2004, Slovakia, Czechoslovakian Republic and Serbia in 2006. operations in Greece, Ireland and Germany were sold and the money obtained from this sale has been re invested in the emerging markets. Additionally, in 2005 Vodafone2 in Sweden was acquired by Telenor.1.1. Mi ssion and systemTelenors primary objective is to spend a penny greater rank for its piece of g circleholders, customers, employees and partners, and for the society in general. The company is dedicated to being at the forefront in creating, simplifying and introducing communication and content solutions to the marketplace. In order to coincide with the given goal, Telenor bases its schema on its customer oriented vision, Here to Help, as well as its core values, Make it easy, economise promises, Be inspiring and Be respectful. Telenors main strategy is to p bent the performance of the local mobile operations by combining Groups industrialization with local mother and responsiveness, in the regions where it conducts its descent operations Nordic region, Eastern and commutation Europe and Asia. Furthermore, the company plans to maintain its leading short letter in the Nordic region with a diversified portfolio of communication services. This strategy could be defragmented t o the following focus beasStrengthening of the come out of the company as an international mobile operator. Telenor plans to continue the process of strengthen its industrialization of the mobile operations by gaining control over chosen mobile companies. Control is crucial in order to benefit from synergies obtained by amaze border activities, such as plateful in procurement, development of unfermented services and implementation of best practices, improvement of operational efficiency and the profit of the overall profitability. Telenor plans to manage the non-strategic investments as pecuniary investments and to exit from international mobile operations where the company cannot obtain control over time.Strengthening of the companys position in the Nordic region. Telenor leave alone continue to upgrade its services in the field of mobile and fixed telephony in the Nordic region by using the benefits obtained from economies of scale and cross-border synergies. The compan y strongly feels that its Nordic front man will improve support to the customers by improving upon its expertise both mobile and fixed services.To materialise itself at the forefront of communications services providers in Norway. Since the company is the leader in a broad range of services in both the residential and business markets in Norway, Telenor will try to obtain better results in the sense of its profit in the mobile and fixed palm of activity, by nub of the introduction of impudently services and through confused cost-cutting measures.Maintaining of the position of the leader in field of distribution of TV services to consumers in the Nordic region. Telenor supernumeraryly insists on decision spic-and-span possibilities and solutions which will run to the strengthening of its strategic position as the leading distributor of subscription based television in the Nordic region. The company will dedicate its activities to contact and make naked as a jaybird users and increase revenue per user through its attractive content and new interactive services.Non strategic companies. Telenor will arouse the value of those companies, which are not strategic for its main business areas and dispose of all or part of its interest in such companies.1.2. Regional presenceEven though Telenor is present in the three dominant regions of the world, the Nordic region is the one where Telenor group has been present since 1855, and the company has held a strong position in the Scandinavian region ever since. The Nordic region is the one from which the majority of Telenors income comes from. As it is shown in diagrams 1 and 2, in the first quarter of 2009, 41% of summarise company revenues came from this region, as well as 37% of EBITDA3 distribution.The three markets out of which the Nordic region is composed of, in fact represent specific markets with unique differences. For example, although Sweden unsounded has a high use of fixed line telephony, it fin ds itself at the forefront of the mobile broadband services. Denmark is the market whose customers are the keenest users of SMS and are nigh interested in content services. Finally, Norwegian customers show growing interest in digital music services and Telenor Group has a high per centum on this market. The Nordic region is also significant since Telenor combines present and future(a) technologies in the telecom field. As a supplement to existing offers, Telenor provides new broadband technologies, such as Fibre to the Home (FTH) and Long Term Evolution (LTE), the 4th generation mobile broadband standard. The strong distinction betwixt fixed and mobile telephony is slowly vanishing in these markets. According to the data obtained from..there is an evident transition from fixed to mobile networks. The data implicate that the mobile share of voice traffic has change magnitude from 20% in 2003 to 60% in 2008. This is one of the reasons why Telenor acquired Vodafone in Sweden i n 2006. Furthermore, the company now has 4G licenses in Norway and Sweden. In order to build networks and share spectrum of mobile communication, Telenor has joined Tele24 in a joint venture. The plan is to launch the LTE based broadband services by the end of 2010. This action will position Telenor as the leader of the 4G development worldwide. The same find out is planned for Norway, with the difference that it will start in 2011.The Telenor Group has penetrated the Asian region in 1996, through the investment in Grameenphone5 in Bangladesh. From the very beginning of its operations in Asia, the market has been the cornerstone of the development of the Telenor Group, enabling opportunities for product in one of the approximately populated and fastest growing markets in the world. Additionally, mobile operations in Asia study a significant contribution to the total revenues and EBITDA of the Group. Data obtained in the first quarter of 2009 show that the region generated 30% of the revenues, 28% of the Groups EBITDA, and a total of 67 one thousand million mobile subscribers of the region. The company has standard many awards for innovation and services in the past ten years and has been the driving force in the network development of Asia. Additionally, it has significantly increased the force of the regional network and provided coverage, connecting millions of people in new areas, who were previously unconnected. Over the past few years the Asian mobile market has been growing significantly. The harvesting is additionally stimulated by continuous innovations and new services provided by the company. The Group is active in the markets of Pakistan, Malaysia, Thailand and Bangladesh, and the company holds 3G license in Malaysia. Another valuable step of Telenor was the acquisition of Unitech Wireless6 in India, through which the company penetrated one of the worlds largest and fastest growing markets.Since the beginning of the 1990s, the mobile mark ets of Central and Eastern Europe and Russia became a part of Telenors business operations. The main characteristic of these markets is the growth opportunity, making it significant part of the Telenors strategy in the years to come. Even though the markets of Central and Eastern Europe are challenging economic milieu due to the process of transition, which these countries bewilder undergone or are still undergoing, mobile operations of the Group deliver solid pecuniary performances. The first quarter of 2009 shows that Telenor generated 17% of Groups total revenues and 32% of EBITDA. The region also generated 93 million of mobile subscribers. Also, the region of Central and Eastern Europe and Russia has achieved fast growth in mobile subscription both in consumer, as well as business markets. The company is currently twisty in investments in the 3G network in Hungary, Russia, Serbia and Montenegro. The priority is given to the new technological and eco friendly solutions, lik e the wind and solar powered base station in Hungary, and testing of the new generation wireless broadband in Montenegro.2. Telenor in SerbiaTelenors presence in the Balkan region started at the beginning of 1990s when the company launched its operations in Hungary in 2002 by operating Pannon7, followed by activities in Montenegro through Promonte8 and finally, Serbia in 2006.Telenor penetrated the Serbian market through the get of the Serbian company Mobi 63, Serbias second largest mobile operator and this actually represents the largest privatization transaction in the central and eastern Europe in 2006, as reported by the canvas company PriceWaterHouseCoopers. Telenor Group call two other short listed competitors at the auction (Mobilkom from Austria and Orascom Telecom from Egypt), offering a bid of 1.513 billion euros. Telenor took over the company on 31st of July 2006, upon the windup of all legal requirements and the signing of the Sales Agreement. The entire auction was broadcasted live on the Serbian national television and was attend by the highest state representatives. Mobi 63, in one case known as Mobtel, was formed by the Government of Serbia in the month of April of 2006, upon the revocation of the operators mobile license, which occurred due to the illegal transaction of the companys previous owners, who were suspected to pee-pee sold the operators license in Kosovo to Mobikos, without requesting permission from the official authorities of Serbia. The Government then proclaimed that the sale was a menace to the national security.The acquisition of Mobi 63 made by Telenor includes a ten year license for GSM 900/1800 and 3G operation for the company, which is renewable for a successive period of ten years upon application. Additionally, the company also obtained Mobi 63s existing assets, which included the base of approximately 2.5 million customers (in the end of 2005).In just three months upon its arriver to the Serbian market, Telen or invested approximately 15.3 million euros in the equipment of the highest technology, necessary to meet the requirements of the planned network expansion on the territory of Serbia. For this purpose, Telenor signed cooperation agreement with Erickson. Additionally, another ratify with the Erickson Company worth 40 million euros for the purpose of network improvement was signed by the end of 2006. The main objective of these investments was to upgrade the prime(prenominal) and the might of the existing network, which consequently brings additional quality and services to its users. The actual benefit for the users of the Telenor network is its expanded coverage and good quality. Starting form March 1st 2007, the company enabled the use of commercialized services in Serbia, provided by the 3G mobile broadband technology, which consequently provides its users with the possibility to motor easier and faster access to the contents on the meshing, such as movies, music videos or TV program.2.1. Relationship towards the employeesWhen Telenor acquired Mobi 63 in August 2006, the company had 926 employees. The newly appointed top management reached a strategic decisiveness to bring forth over the entire infrastructure of the company, as well as its personnel, meaning that there will not be any reduction in the fig of employees. In fact, quite the opposite thing occurred in the next three years the come of employees gradually started growing. In the end of 2007 there had been approximately thou employees. By the end of 2008, this number grew to 1100, and finally on December 31st 2009, Telenor had a total of 1207 employees.Having in mind that the field of telecommunications is exposed to everyday changes, Telenors employees are expected to adapt to them, set their own objectives in their segment of work, as well as to take on new responsibilities and discover their new talents. In 2007, 2008 and 2009, the company organized a number of trainings, seminars and workshops for its personnel. Through these actions, Telenor tends to provide continuous professional growth and expertise opportunities. several(prenominal) of the most important ones areTrainings for future leadersWelcome trainingsCodes of conductHuman resource managementCommunication skills trainingsTelenors Code of Conduct is one of the key principles upon which the activities of the company are based. This document includes a set of employee policies that cover ethical and legal practices for nearly every aspect of the business. It focuses on the personal function and each employee has to conduct business legally and ethically. Also, it defines ethical rules of behavior for the companys business partners, as well as users. Corporate ethics is very important in the company. The principles of corporate ethics are applicable to all members of the company, including the members of the managing board and top management and all other employees, who represent Telenor on any occasion s. Furthermore, the company launched the so called HIT Project, which was encouraged by the television reportage made on one of Telenors subcontractors in Bangladesh, who was an obvious example of a company which reachs to large work conditions, pollution of the environment and child labor. The project focuses on four elements health, safety, security and environment, and its main objective is for Telenor to emphasize to its business partners the importance of respecting labor and gay rights laws. Therefore, Telenor follows the activities of its suppliers in the field and the Great Compromiser in constant touch with them.Furthermore, human resource management conducts the employee happiness survey on a yearly earth in order to get a feed back from the employees about the level of their satisfaction, as well as the issues that could be improved and changed within the company. In 2009, the survey was conducted for the third in series(p) year and a total percentage of employees which participated was 96.3%. The survey is conducted among all employees in the end of every working year, and concentrates on several important areas of employee satisfaction satisfaction with job position and work conditions, communication and interpersonal relations within the company, leadership, bonus systems and career opportunities. Results obtained from the survey serve as the foundation for strategy mean for the upcoming years. This point is of particular importance in order to include the opinion of the staff in the process of future strategy defining and decision making, so that everyone can feel that they are a part of it.2.2. Relationship with clientsTop management of the company tends to combine its international experience and the local strength of the country where it operates. In the first year of its activities in the Serbian market, Telenor introduced a large number of significant innovations and new services important for the subscribers. Some of the most in novative products and services offered to the Serbian users areNew prepaid telephone numbers racket and new personal credit line of sale Telenor Express. ready e mail service.The first internet parks in Serbia.Cheaper roaming prices for Telenor users in Hungary and MontenegroTelenor express is the channel of direct sales to customers, which has long and successful tradition in other markets where the company conducts its activities. The new prepaid numbers were introduced in all newspaper stands in Serbia, but could also be purchased through the Telenor Express channel of sale. Approximately xx v express sales teams are traveling end-to-end Serbia with specially designed sales stands. In this way the company tries to stupefy direct contact with the customers, to be closer and more available to them, as well as to offer new and innovative sales possibilities and good quality services. Additionally, new prepaid numbers are offered at a much lower rate than previously applied, an d each package has higher value than the nominal value of the package. Persons, who decide to purchase a more expensive package, get substantially more devoid conversation minutes, as well as free text messages, than the ones who purchase a cheaper package.Mobile e-mail is a service dedicated firstly to those who are business users, with the main purpose to facilitate their activities when they find themselves outside the office and enquire immediate access to their computers. Furthermore, this service enables its users to access and handle their e-mails, calendar and phonebook. The service is compatible to the programs used on their original computers, and can be used by downloading a special software from the Telenor website.From December 1st 2006, Telenor users squander the possibility to pay lower prices for roaming services in Hungary and Montenegro, give thanks to Telenor network. At the same time, these prices are the lowest prices in comparison to other mobile operators in Serbia. On average, with this service, Telenor users in the Montenegro s network Promonte are aerated 15% less for their voice calls. Additionally, entrance calls from any destination are free of charge for postpaid users in this network. As far as the Magyar Pannon mobile operator is concerned, prices of outperform calls are approximately 60% lower, calls made to local mobile and fixed telephone numbers are 25% cheaper, including incoming calls. Calls made to other destinations are 40% cheaper. Additionally, Telenor subscribers have the opportunity to exchange MMS messages with people in ten different countries. The first countries and operators which established this kind of service with Telenor in Serbia are 02 in Germany, Pannon in Hungary, Telenor in Pakistan, Telefonica 02 in Checz Republic, Sonofon in Denmark, Sunrise in Switzerland, ONE in Austria, Globul in Bulgaria, Telenor in Norway and DIGI in Malaysia.In June 2008, Telenor opened the first internet park in Belgrad e, which at the same time represents the first park of this kind in Serbia. People can have free access to the internet and connecting of their portable computers to the internet network is possible either through the wireless connection, or via USB modems, which are located in different places in the park. In the first three months, citizens of Belgrade, as well as other visitors, had the opportunity to test all possibilities of the Internet network free of charge, while enjoying the open air at the same time. Instructions for the connection to the network are displayed on visible places in the park and offer simple explanations through several easy steps. In just several months upon the opening of the first internet park in Belgrade, similar concept was implemented in other Serbian cities Nis, Novi Sad, Kragujevac and Kraljevo. In this way, citizens of these cities have the possibility to check their e-mails or search the internet sites for various contents.2.3. Corporate obligat ion, puppyish and socially jeopardized categories.Mobile communications contribute to the social integration, having in mind the fact that people can be in touch no matter where they find themselves. However, for a significant number of people worldwide, communication services still represent a luxury and are not available to them. Access to this type of services, in a way, represents the means to fight poverty, ignorance and bad health conditions, as well as to enable people to improve their living situation. One of the main objectives of Telenor is to strive towards creation of value in modern society by offering the possibility of communication services to as many people as possible.In 2007, the auditing company Deloit did a thorough epitome of Telenors markets in Thailand, Bangladesh, Malaysia, Pakistan, Ukraine and Serbia which pointed to a very close connection between mobile telephony penetration and the increase of the GDP exists. The analysis pointed out to the fact that the increase of 10% in mobile communications could lead to the GDP rise of approximately 1.2%. Furthermore, the study showed that business operations of Telenor have positive contribution to the upgrading of the productivity level, economic welfare, improvements in health and education systems, improvement of conditions in rural areas and social groups with low incomes.Besides the focus on its business operations, Telenor also directs its activities towards the responsibility towards the local community in which it operates. An evidence to support this claim is the fact that Telenor Group is listed in the first position among twenty four leading mobile operators in the world on the Dow Jones Sustainability Index list, which ranks companies according to the criteria of their overall financial, social and ecological impact on the environment.Upon its arrival to the Serbian market, the top management of the company immediately started to develop different strategies concerning the beg inning of the work in the field of corporate responsibility. For that purpose, Telenor established its own mental home in March 2007, and in this way the company continued to invest in the development of Serbias social potentials.The main objective of the Foundation is to initiate and support different types of projects and to develop useful and sustainable solutions which are easy to implement on the territory of the entire country. This is the core concept upon which the corporate responsibility of the company is based and which is being implemented world wide. Members of the Foundations Managing Board were chosen upon the criteria of their expertise in different fields and this enabled for the activities of the Foundation to be guided not only by the companys business plans, but also to adequately respond to the necessities of the Serbian society, its growth and development. Additionally, members of the top and middle management are directly involved in the projects of the Found ation and follow their course. Employees are also invited to participate and to set an example by their involvement, volunteer work and individual efforts.Majority of the activities and projects which the Foundation conducts are directed towards the boyish population, their education and professional expertise, socially jeopardized categories, as well as the development of cultural production and art.Telenors Foundation accomplishes set objectives through various forms of initiativesCooperation with non governmental sector, public and private institutions in different types of projects.Programs of exchange of experts in the field of science and art, as well as providing opportunities for professional internships and scholarships.Exchange of information.Establishing the practice of round tables, seminars, conferences and other events which are in any way linked to the activities of Telenor.Organizing of tenders through which different types of trainings and research are offered.Par ticular emphasis is put on the young generation and talented people and socially jeopardized categories.2.3.1. Activities of Telenor directed towards young populationFoundation launches special programs, seminars lectures, classes and offers scholarships to those who are perceived as young experts in the fields which are relevant for Telenors activities.In 2007, Telenor introduced the award Professor Ilija Stojanovi in memory of professor Ilija Stojanovic, who was closely connected to the company and participated in its activities from the very beginning of its operations in Serbia. any year the award of 1500 euros is given to young students, scientists and researchers for their achievements in the field of telecommunications, in three categories ruff paper / project in the field of telecommunications chosen from the convention for electronics, telecommunications, informatics, automatics and nuclear technique, held on a yearly basis.Best paper / project chosen from the Telflor (ye arly conference), held on a yearly basis.Best student of the Graduate educate of Electro-technique (course telecommunications).The Foundation was among the first initiators for the cleaning of neglected areas of Belgrade. Participants of the campaign Recycling of landscapes Be creative and revive the city were pupils of Belgrade high schools and various artists and the entire project was conducted on ten city locations open cinemas in Vracar9 and Zvezdara10 municipality, summer stage and Pioneer city in Kosutnjak, yard filed of broken-down factory, Zvezdani gaj and other locations. The campaign was lasted throughout 2009 and in this period the locations have been cleaned, painted and decorated with art works. There had been approximately 1000 participants in the campaign and they had the opportunity to get acquainted with the creative art process. Development of the environment awareness was one of the key priorities of the project, which was realized in cooperation with the Bel grade City Assembly and secretariate for sport and youth. The project became the part of the leading environmental project in Serbia Lets wake Serbia up, under the patronage of the Ministry for the Environment Protection. ,In cooperation with the National Television of Serbia, Telenor joined the campaign Skola je Skul (School is Cool), which promotes school spirit, representing the most active schools that use creative methodsTelenor Group Case StudyTelenor Group Case StudyCASE STUDY TELENOR1. General information about the Telenor GroupThe Telenor Group is the leading telecommunications company in Norway and one of the leading mobile operators in the world in terms of subscription. The company is also the biggest provider of television services in the Nordic region, while at the same time being present as the mobile operator in some of the fastest growing markets. Headquarters of the Telenor Group are located in Oslo, Norway. The company is listed on the Oslo Stock Exchange. With t he end of the third quarter of 2009, the Telenor Group has achieved 172 million of mobile subscriptions worldwide and it currently employs approximately 40.000 people in thirty countries.As it is widely familiar, Norway, as well as other Scandinavian countries, is known as extremely developed technology market in the beginning of the 21st century, achieving some of the highest penetration rates for new technologies, such as mobile phones and high speed internet. This actually represents a kind of tradition of the country, having in mind the fact that in 1855 the first telegraph line has been built, followed by the first telephone network connecting the cities of Arendal and Tvederstrand in 1878. Furthermore, Norway was one of the first world countries to introduce mobile telephone system in 1967, which was analogue based and manually operated.In order to understand business operations of Telenor, it seems necessary to make a short historical overview of the companys origins. Begin nings of the Telenor Group date back in 1855 when it was established as a state operated monopoly, bearing the name Norwegian Telegraph Administration NTA (also known as Telegrafverket) and offering the provision of telegraph services. In the last decade of the 19th century, development of the Norways early telephone network was handled by private companies. Norwegian Telegraph Administration, which was in the ownership of the state, gradually took over the privately owned companies in the market and gained control over the sector. Since then, Telenor gained more than 150 years of telecom experience. In 1969, the NTA changed its name to Televerket, also known as Norwegian Telecommunications. With the purchase of Andebu, the last privately owned company in the sector of telecommunications in 1974, Televerket obtained control of the monopoly of the services of telephone and telecommunications and retained that position till the beginning of the last decade of the 20th century. By th e beginning of the 1990s, the company pioneered a new generation of mobile telephone services based on the GSM protocol, which was later accepted and implemented thought Europe. GSM service was launched in 1993 and was followed by the expansion of the company in the field of television broadcasting. This strategic decision provided the company with the opportunity to position itself as the dominant provider of satellite based broadcasting in the Scandinavian region.Since the Norwegian authorities had a tendency to deregulate the telecom sector in the country, the process of deregulation commenced in 1994 and lasted till 1998, with a partial deregulation sector by sector. Even before the government deregulation began, Televerket started with the company restructuring which lasted for four years and included the transformation of the company from a state owned to a public company, as well as the change of the company name to Telenor in 1995. Additionally, the company was a subject of partial privatization in 2000, which gave it a substantial boost of 15.6 billion NOK1 of new capital and listed it on the Oslo Stock Exchange and NASDAQ. At the beginning of the privatization process, the Government remained the owner of 77.7% of the company, while this percentage was reduced to 53% by 2006. The company was rankedtop performer bythe Dow Jones Sustainability Indexes in 2007 and 2008.The main services which Telenor provides to its consumers and companies worldwide include the following segments voice, data, content and other services.* In the segment of Voice, Telenor provides people to talk to each other by using fast and reliable networks. This segment focuses on the conversation on the phone, including fixed line, mobile or IP telephony. Fixed voice communication services are provided for users in three countries of the Nordic region and mobile voice in twelve different countries in Europe and Asia.* The segment of Data encompasses of the Internet and broadband services. The company offers fixed line data services like ADSL and fiber-optic communications in the countries of the Nordic region, and mobile data services such as mobile broadband, GPRS, UMTS in 12 countries. From the beginning of 2008, the company has started 3G based mobile broadband services inseven of its markets.* In the field of Content, TV services and mobile content, Telenor offers TV services via cable, digital terrestrial and satellite networks in four Nordic markets. Furthermore, the company also provides mobile content services in several markets, such as mobile TV, sports, ring tones, music and movies.* As far as otherservices are concerned, Telenor has a diversified offer that consists of services, which are telecom related, and the service portfolio is different from one country to another. Depending on the market, the company provides services in the filed of maritime communications, IT consulting, and aircraft communications services. In several markets the company provides Net-centric services, which refer to the IT security for individual consumers and enterprises and machine to machine (M2M) services for enterprises.The major part of the Telenors activities is organized in three regions and includes thirteen countries Asia Bangladesh, Malaysia, Pakistan, Thailand and India. Nordic countries Denmark, Norway, Sweden and Finland. Centraland Eastern Europe Hungary, Montenegro, Russia, Serbia and Ukraine.From the beginning of the 1990s, Telenor begun with its international expansion in the field of mobile communications, penetrating the markets of the following countries Russia in 1994, Bangladesh, Greece, Ireland, Germany and Austria in 1997, Ukraine in 1998, Malaysia in 1999, Denmark and Thailand in 2000, Hungary in 2002, Montenegro and Pakistan in 2004, Slovakia, Czech Republic and Serbia in 2006. Operations in Greece, Ireland and Germany were sold and the money obtained from this sale has been re invested in the emerging markets. Additionally, in 2005 Vodafone2 in Sweden was acquired by Telenor.1.1. Mission and StrategyTelenors primary objective is to create greater value for its shareholders, customers, employees and partners, and for the society in general. The company is dedicated to being at the forefront in creating, simplifying and introducing communication and content solutions to the marketplace. In order to comply with the given goal, Telenor bases its strategy on its customer oriented vision, Here to Help, as well as its core values, Make it easy, Keep promises, Be inspiring and Be respectful. Telenors main strategy is to upgrade the performance of the local mobile operations by combining Groups industrialization with local drive and responsiveness, in the regions where it conducts its business operations Nordic region, Eastern and Central Europe and Asia. Furthermore, the company plans to maintain its leading position in the Nordic region with a diversified portfolio of communication services. Thi s strategy could be defragmented to the following focus areasStrengthening of the position of the company as an international mobile operator. Telenor plans to continue the process of strengthening its industrialization of the mobile operations by gaining control over chosen mobile companies. Control is crucial in order to benefit from synergies obtained by cross border activities, such as scale in procurement, development of new services and implementation of best practices, improvement of operational efficiency and the increase of the overall profitability. Telenor plans to manage the non-strategic investments as financial investments and to exit from international mobile operations where the company cannot obtain control over time.Strengthening of the companys position in the Nordic region. Telenor will continue to upgrade its services in the field of mobile and fixed telephony in the Nordic region by using the benefits obtained from economies of scale and cross-border synergies . The company strongly feels that its Nordic presence will improve support to the customers by improving upon its expertise both mobile and fixed services.To find itself at the forefront of communications services providers in Norway. Since the company is the leader in a broad range of services in both the residential and business markets in Norway, Telenor will try to obtain better results in the sense of its profit in the mobile and fixed fields of activity, through the introduction of new services and through various cost-cutting measures.Maintaining of the position of the leader in field of distribution of TV services to consumers in the Nordic region. Telenor additionally insists on finding new possibilities and solutions which will contribute to the strengthening of its strategic position as the leading distributor of subscription based television in the Nordic region. The company will dedicate its activities to contact and attract new users and increase revenue per user throu gh its attractive content and new interactive services.Non strategic companies. Telenor will enhance the value of those companies, which are not strategic for its main business areas and dispose of all or part of its interest in such companies.1.2. Regional presenceEven though Telenor is present in the three dominant regions of the world, the Nordic region is the one where Telenor group has been present since 1855, and the company has held a strong position in the Scandinavian region ever since. The Nordic region is the one from which the majority of Telenors income comes from. As it is shown in diagrams 1 and 2, in the first quarter of 2009, 41% of total company revenues came from this region, as well as 37% of EBITDA3 distribution.The three markets out of which the Nordic region is composed of, in fact represent specific markets with unique differences. For example, although Sweden still has a high use of fixed line telephony, it finds itself at the forefront of the mobile broad band services. Denmark is the market whose customers are the keenest users of SMS and are most interested in content services. Finally, Norwegian customers show growing interest in digital music services and Telenor Group has a high share on this market. The Nordic region is also significant since Telenor combines present and future technologies in the telecom field. As a supplement to existing offers, Telenor provides new broadband technologies, such as Fibre to the Home (FTH) and Long Term Evolution (LTE), the 4th generation mobile broadband standard. The strong distinction between fixed and mobile telephony is slowly vanishing in these markets. According to the data obtained from..there is an evident transition from fixed to mobile networks. The data implicate that the mobile share of voice traffic has increased from 20% in 2003 to 60% in 2008. This is one of the reasons why Telenor acquired Vodafone in Sweden in 2006. Furthermore, the company now has 4G licenses in Norway and Sweden. In order to build networks and share spectrum of mobile communication, Telenor has joined Tele24 in a joint venture. The plan is to launch the LTE based broadband services by the end of 2010. This action will position Telenor as the leader of the 4G development worldwide. The same project is planned for Norway, with the difference that it will start in 2011.The Telenor Group has penetrated the Asian region in 1996, through the investment in Grameenphone5 in Bangladesh. From the very beginning of its operations in Asia, the market has been the cornerstone of the development of the Telenor Group, enabling opportunities for growth in one of the most populated and fastest growing markets in the world. Additionally, mobile operations in Asia have a significant contribution to the total revenues and EBITDA of the Group. Data obtained in the first quarter of 2009 show that the region generated 30% of the revenues, 28% of the Groups EBITDA, and a total of 67 million mobile subscri bers of the region. The company has received many awards for innovation and services in the past ten years and has been the driving force in the network development of Asia. Additionally, it has significantly increased the capacity of the regional network and provided coverage, connecting millions of people in new areas, who were previously unconnected. Over the past few years the Asian mobile market has been growing significantly. The growth is additionally stimulated by continuous innovations and new services provided by the company. The Group is active in the markets of Pakistan, Malaysia, Thailand and Bangladesh, and the company holds 3G license in Malaysia. Another important step of Telenor was the acquisition of Unitech Wireless6 in India, through which the company penetrated one of the worlds largest and fastest growing markets.Since the beginning of the 1990s, the mobile markets of Central and Eastern Europe and Russia became a part of Telenors business operations. The main characteristic of these markets is the growth opportunity, making it significant part of the Telenors strategy in the years to come. Even though the markets of Central and Eastern Europe are challenging economic environment due to the process of transition, which these countries have undergone or are still undergoing, mobile operations of the Group deliver solid financial performances. The first quarter of 2009 shows that Telenor generated 17% of Groups total revenues and 32% of EBITDA. The region also generated 93 million of mobile subscribers. Also, the region of Central and Eastern Europe and Russia has achieved rapid growth in mobile subscription both in consumer, as well as business markets. The company is currently involved in investments in the 3G network in Hungary, Russia, Serbia and Montenegro. The priority is given to the new technological and eco friendly solutions, like the wind and solar powered base stations in Hungary, and testing of the new generation wireless broa dband in Montenegro.2. Telenor in SerbiaTelenors presence in the Balkan region started at the beginning of 1990s when the company launched its operations in Hungary in 2002 by operating Pannon7, followed by activities in Montenegro through Promonte8 and finally, Serbia in 2006.Telenor penetrated the Serbian market through the purchase of the Serbian company Mobi 63, Serbias second largest mobile operator and this actually represents the largest privatization transaction in the central and eastern Europe in 2006, as reported by the audit company PriceWaterHouseCoopers. Telenor Group outbid two other short listed competitors at the auction (Mobilkom from Austria and Orascom Telecom from Egypt), offering a bid of 1.513 billion euros. Telenor took over the company on 31st of July 2006, upon the completion of all legal requirements and the signing of the Sales Agreement. The entire auction was broadcasted live on the Serbian national television and was attended by the highest state repre sentatives. Mobi 63, formerly known as Mobtel, was formed by the Government of Serbia in the month of April of 2006, upon the revocation of the operators mobile license, which occurred due to the illegal dealings of the companys previous owners, who were suspected to have sold the operators license in Kosovo to Mobikos, without requesting permission from the official authorities of Serbia. The Government then proclaimed that the sale was a threat to the national security.The acquisition of Mobi 63 made by Telenor includes a ten year license for GSM 900/1800 and 3G operation for the company, which is renewable for a successive period of ten years upon application. Additionally, the company also obtained Mobi 63s existing assets, which included the base of approximately 2.5 million customers (in the end of 2005).In just three months upon its arrival to the Serbian market, Telenor invested approximately 15.3 million euros in the equipment of the highest technology, necessary to meet t he requirements of the planned network expansion on the territory of Serbia. For this purpose, Telenor signed cooperation agreement with Erickson. Additionally, another contract with the Erickson Company worth 40 million euros for the purpose of network improvement was signed by the end of 2006. The main objective of these investments was to upgrade the quality and the capacity of the existing network, which consequently brings additional quality and services to its users. The actual benefit for the users of the Telenor network is its expanded coverage and good quality. Starting form March 1st 2007, the company enabled the use of commercial services in Serbia, provided by the 3G mobile broadband technology, which consequently provides its users with the possibility to get easier and faster access to the contents on the internet, such as movies, music videos or TV program.2.1. Relationship towards the employeesWhen Telenor acquired Mobi 63 in August 2006, the company had 926 employee s. The newly appointed top management reached a strategic decision to take over the entire infrastructure of the company, as well as its personnel, meaning that there will not be any reduction in the number of employees. In fact, quite the opposite thing occurred in the next three years the number of employees gradually started growing. In the end of 2007 there had been approximately 1000 employees. By the end of 2008, this number grew to 1100, and finally on December 31st 2009, Telenor had a total of 1207 employees.Having in mind that the field of telecommunications is exposed to everyday changes, Telenors employees are expected to adapt to them, set their own objectives in their segment of work, as well as to take on new responsibilities and discover their new talents. In 2007, 2008 and 2009, the company organized a number of trainings, seminars and workshops for its personnel. Through these actions, Telenor tends to provide continuous professional growth and expertise opportuniti es. Some of the most important ones areTrainings for future leadersWelcome trainingsCodes of conductHuman resource managementCommunication skills trainingsTelenors Code of Conduct is one of the key principles upon which the activities of the company are based. This document includes a set of employee policies that cover ethical and legal practices for nearly every aspect of the business. It focuses on the personal responsibility and each employee has to conduct business legally and ethically. Also, it defines ethical rules of behavior for the companys business partners, as well as users. Corporate ethics is very important in the company. The principles of corporate ethics are applicable to all members of the company, including the members of the managing board and top management and all other employees, who represent Telenor on any occasions. Furthermore, the company launched the so called HIT Project, which was encouraged by the television reportage made on one of Telenors subcontr actors in Bangladesh, who was an obvious example of a company which contributes to bad work conditions, pollution of the environment and child labor. The project focuses on four elements health, safety, security and environment, and its main objective is for Telenor to emphasize to its business partners the importance of respecting labor and human rights laws. Therefore, Telenor follows the activities of its suppliers in the field and remains in constant touch with them.Furthermore, human resource management conducts the employee satisfaction survey on a yearly basis in order to get a feed back from the employees about the level of their satisfaction, as well as the issues that could be improved and changed within the company. In 2009, the survey was conducted for the third consecutive year and a total percentage of employees which participated was 96.3%. The survey is conducted among all employees in the end of every working year, and concentrates on several important areas of empl oyee satisfaction satisfaction with job position and work conditions, communication and interpersonal relations within the company, leadership, bonus systems and career opportunities. Results obtained from the survey serve as the foundation for strategy planning for the upcoming years. This point is of particular importance in order to include the opinion of the staff in the process of future strategy defining and decision making, so that everyone can feel that they are a part of it.2.2. Relationship with clientsTop management of the company tends to combine its international experience and the local potential of the country where it operates. In the first year of its activities in the Serbian market, Telenor introduced a large number of significant innovations and new services important for the subscribers. Some of the most innovative products and services offered to the Serbian users areNew prepaid telephone numbers and new channel of sale Telenor Express.Mobile e mail service.T he first internet parks in Serbia.Cheaper roaming prices for Telenor users in Hungary and MontenegroTelenor express is the channel of direct sales to customers, which has long and successful tradition in other markets where the company conducts its activities. The new prepaid numbers were introduced in all newspaper stands in Serbia, but could also be purchased through the Telenor Express channel of sale. Approximately twenty five express sales teams are traveling throughout Serbia with specially designed sales stands. In this way the company tries to have direct contact with the customers, to be closer and more available to them, as well as to offer new and innovative sales possibilities and good quality services. Additionally, new prepaid numbers are offered at a much lower rate than previously applied, and each package has higher value than the nominal value of the package. Persons, who decide to purchase a more expensive package, get substantially more free conversation minutes, as well as free text messages, than the ones who purchase a cheaper package.Mobile e-mail is a service dedicated firstly to those who are business users, with the main purpose to facilitate their activities when they find themselves outside the office and need immediate access to their computers. Furthermore, this service enables its users to access and handle their e-mails, calendar and phonebook. The service is compatible to the programs used on their original computers, and can be used by downloading a special software from the Telenor website.From December 1st 2006, Telenor users have the possibility to pay lower prices for roaming services in Hungary and Montenegro, thanks to Telenor network. At the same time, these prices are the lowest prices in comparison to other mobile operators in Serbia. On average, with this service, Telenor users in the Montenegro s network Promonte are charged 15% less for their voice calls. Additionally, incoming calls from any destination are free of charge for postpaid users in this network. As far as the Hungarian Pannon mobile operator is concerned, prices of outgoing calls are approximately 60% lower, calls made to local mobile and fixed telephone numbers are 25% cheaper, including incoming calls. Calls made to other destinations are 40% cheaper. Additionally, Telenor subscribers have the opportunity to exchange MMS messages with people in ten different countries. The first countries and operators which established this kind of service with Telenor in Serbia are 02 in Germany, Pannon in Hungary, Telenor in Pakistan, Telefonica 02 in Checz Republic, Sonofon in Denmark, Sunrise in Switzerland, ONE in Austria, Globul in Bulgaria, Telenor in Norway and DIGI in Malaysia.In June 2008, Telenor opened the first internet park in Belgrade, which at the same time represents the first park of this kind in Serbia. People can have free access to the internet and connecting of their portable computers to the internet network is possible either through the wireless connection, or via USB modems, which are located in different places in the park. In the first three months, citizens of Belgrade, as well as other visitors, had the opportunity to test all possibilities of the Internet network free of charge, while enjoying the open air at the same time. Instructions for the connection to the network are displayed on visible places in the park and offer simple explanations through several easy steps. In just several months upon the opening of the first internet park in Belgrade, similar concept was implemented in other Serbian cities Nis, Novi Sad, Kragujevac and Kraljevo. In this way, citizens of these cities have the possibility to check their e-mails or search the internet sites for various contents.2.3. Corporate responsibility, young and socially jeopardized categories.Mobile communications contribute to the social integration, having in mind the fact that people can be in touch no matter where they find themselves . However, for a significant number of people worldwide, communication services still represent a luxury and are not available to them. Access to this type of services, in a way, represents the means to fight poverty, ignorance and bad health conditions, as well as to enable people to improve their living situation. One of the main objectives of Telenor is to strive towards creation of value in modern society by offering the possibility of communication services to as many people as possible.In 2007, the auditing company Deloit did a thorough analysis of Telenors markets in Thailand, Bangladesh, Malaysia, Pakistan, Ukraine and Serbia which pointed to a very close connection between mobile telephony penetration and the increase of the GDP exists. The analysis pointed out to the fact that the increase of 10% in mobile communications could lead to the GDP rise of approximately 1.2%. Furthermore, the study showed that business operations of Telenor have positive contribution to the upgr ading of the productivity level, economic welfare, improvements in health and education systems, improvement of conditions in rural areas and social groups with low incomes.Besides the focus on its business operations, Telenor also directs its activities towards the responsibility towards the local community in which it operates. An evidence to support this claim is the fact that Telenor Group is listed in the first position among twenty four leading mobile operators in the world on the Dow Jones Sustainability Index list, which ranks companies according to the criteria of their overall financial, social and ecological impact on the environment.Upon its arrival to the Serbian market, the top management of the company immediately started to develop different strategies concerning the beginning of the work in the field of corporate responsibility. For that purpose, Telenor established its own Foundation in March 2007, and in this way the company continued to invest in the development of Serbias social potentials.The main objective of the Foundation is to initiate and support different types of projects and to develop useful and sustainable solutions which are easy to implement on the territory of the entire country. This is the core concept upon which the corporate responsibility of the company is based and which is being implemented world wide. Members of the Foundations Managing Board were chosen upon the criteria of their expertise in different fields and this enabled for the activities of the Foundation to be guided not only by the companys business plans, but also to adequately respond to the necessities of the Serbian society, its growth and development. Additionally, members of the top and middle management are directly involved in the projects of the Foundation and follow their course. Employees are also invited to participate and to set an example by their involvement, volunteer work and individual efforts.Majority of the activities and projects which t he Foundation conducts are directed towards the young population, their education and professional expertise, socially jeopardized categories, as well as the development of cultural production and art.Telenors Foundation accomplishes set objectives through various forms of initiativesCooperation with non governmental sector, public and private institutions in different types of projects.Programs of exchange of experts in the field of science and art, as well as providing opportunities for professional internships and scholarships.Exchange of information.Establishing the practice of round tables, seminars, conferences and other events which are in any way linked to the activities of Telenor.Organizing of tenders through which different types of trainings and research are offered.Particular emphasis is put on the young generation and talented people and socially jeopardized categories.2.3.1. Activities of Telenor directed towards young populationFoundation launches special programs, seminars lectures, classes and offers scholarships to those who are perceived as young experts in the fields which are relevant for Telenors activities.In 2007, Telenor introduced the award Professor Ilija Stojanovi in memory of professor Ilija Stojanovic, who was closely connected to the company and participated in its activities from the very beginning of its operations in Serbia. Every year the award of 1500 euros is given to young students, scientists and researchers for their achievements in the field of telecommunications, in three categoriesBest paper / project in the field of telecommunications chosen from the Conference for electronics, telecommunications, informatics, automatics and nuclear technique, held on a yearly basis.Best paper / project chosen from the Telflor (yearly conference), held on a yearly basis.Best student of the Graduate School of Electro-technique (course telecommunications).The Foundation was among the first initiators for the cleaning of neglected are as of Belgrade. Participants of the campaign Recycling of landscapes Be creative and revive the city were pupils of Belgrade high schools and various artists and the entire project was conducted on ten city locations open cinemas in Vracar9 and Zvezdara10 municipality, summer stage and Pioneer city in Kosutnjak, yard filed of abandoned factory, Zvezdani gaj and other locations. The campaign was lasted throughout 2009 and in this period the locations have been cleaned, painted and decorated with art works. There had been approximately 1000 participants in the campaign and they had the opportunity to get acquainted with the creative art process. Development of the environment awareness was one of the key priorities of the project, which was realized in cooperation with the Belgrade City Assembly and Secretariat for sport and youth. The project became the part of the leading environmental project in Serbia Lets wake Serbia up, under the patronage of the Ministry for the Environment Pr otection. ,In cooperation with the National Television of Serbia, Telenor joined the campaign Skola je Skul (School is Cool), which promotes school spirit, representing the most active schools that use creative methods

symbolism in bless the beast and children Essay -- essays research pap

Throughout the novel Bless the Beasts and Children, by Glendon Swarthout, symbolism is utilise frequently to show a weakness in a character or to fulfill a purpose in the novel. The most apparent weaknesses in the bedwetters was their need for radios to help them sleep. The hats portrayed apiece characters personality and background in some cases. Also, The Box Canyon Boys Camp is in itself a symbol representing American society in general.The radios are the first case of symbolism shown in the novel. They are used by each and e genuinely one of the bedwetters at darkness to help them go to sleep. To them it helps to imagine someone is right there with them when the radios are going. On some nights, like the one at the start of the novel each of them have their radios going full blast, this shows the fear each of them have at the beginning of the novel. The children arent afraid of being so far from home or from their parents because each of them are plenty used to that. All of t heir parents go on trips away from home for long periods of time or when they are home merely simply neglect them. The radios help represent something being there for them when they are afraid because their parents never are. Towards the end of the novel when the boys are herding the buffalo out of the cages it is very easy for them to throw the radios at the buffalo without missing them. This was put into the novel to show to the readers that the boys no longer need the radios in order to sleep at night and that ...

Huck Finn by Mark Twain :: Huckleberry Finn, Mark Twain

In the story Huckleberry Finn, by Mark Twain, the river symbolizes desolatedom. Huck goes on the river to get free from enough civilized and to get away from his pap and Jim uses the river to get freed from slavery. Also the king and the duke use it to escape from angry towns. Any time they are in disorder when they get on the river they are no longer in trouble.Huck gets a raft to go down the river to get away from his pap and so he is no longer living in civilization. He didnt like sleeping in a bed and reading books, Huck says, I didnt appear how Id ever got to like it so well at the widows, where you had to wash, and eat on a plate, and comb up, and go to bed and get up regular, and forever bothering all over a book and have old Miss Watson pecking at you all the time (1368).Then when Huck thought his dad was going to kill him he knew he had to leave there too. So he got a canoe and raft and went down the river. When he was on the river he was safe and getting free fr om his pap and no longer feared getting hurt by him.Jim is afraid of universe sold by Widow Douglas so he runs away and is nerve-wracking to get freed from slavery. He also goes down the river with Huck and uses it as his path to freedom. Whenever he is on the river he is safe. When Jim is being chased he can perpetually get away on the river. He is also not treated like a slave on the raft and doesnt have to fear being sold. The King and the Duke get in trouble many times by scamming different towns to get money by lying and pretending to be population they really arent. Every time they get away by going on the river and are free on it. When they finally get caught they are on land, away from the freedom of the river.

Transition from Static to Dynamic Images in Wallace Stevens’ poems :: Biography Biographies Essays

Transition from Static to Dynamic Images in Wallace Stevens poemsDescription restores vitality to the plain visual object (Altieri, 250). Take for example when Horatio, after having seen the soupcon the low act of Hamlet, notices the beginning of the new day But, look, the morn in russet mantle clad, walks oer the dew of yon high eastward hill. (Shakespeare, 347). He doesnt say Suns coming up and we do not read Shakespeare in hopes that he would. Instead we are given a rendering of the sun and its movement. This two part description is vital to the beginning of the entire play, and closes the scene succinctly. It provides first a visual stick out for the reviewer or listener to imagine, and then gives motion, in this case to indicate that the play has been set into motion by something outside the control of the characters. Transition from a silent image to that of a dynamic one gives vitality to several of Wallace Stevens poems, furthering their motion and directing their impression. Before addressing any of Stevens poems, it must be made clear that this controversy is narrowly focusing itself on the visual images within several of Stevens poems. To fully examine the sidelines and tangents of a single poem would be impossible, as the poems themselves grow with discovered philosophies, and apostrophize to innumerable viewpoints and interpretations. Furthermore, because the word image can have a multiplicity of meanings and derivatives, depending on the school of thought the reader has absorbed, I will drive the definition of image, within this paper, to the stoic To describe especially to describe as to call up a mental picture of (Morris, 657). In Study of ii Pears (Stevens 180) we start 13 sentences within a 24 line poem, and each line composed of only 4 words, on average, per line. It would seems odd for such of a sudden sentences to be so descriptive. However, A catalogue of vivid effects would pall pretty quickl y, and Stevens sensuous particulars do not pall. He keeps them simple, often short, and sometimes achieves a queer sense of presence (Cook 154). This presence builds throughout the poem. It begins with the scientific terms for the two pears in question, Opusculum paedagogum and states that they are pears and resemble nothing.Transition from Static to Dynamic Images in Wallace Stevens poems Biography Biographies EssaysTransition from Static to Dynamic Images in Wallace Stevens poemsDescription restores vitality to the plain visual object (Altieri, 250). Take for example when Horatio, after having seen the ghost the first act of Hamlet, notices the beginning of the new day But, look, the morn in russet mantle clad, walks oer the dew of yon high eastward hill. (Shakespeare, 347). He doesnt say Suns coming up and we do not read Shakespeare in hopes that he would. Instead we are given a description of the sun and its movement. This two part description is vital to the beginn ing of the entire play, and closes the scene succinctly. It provides first a visual image for the reader or listener to imagine, and then gives motion, in this case to indicate that the play has been set into motion by something outside the control of the characters. Transition from a static image to that of a dynamic one gives vitality to several of Wallace Stevens poems, furthering their motion and directing their impression. Before addressing any of Stevens poems, it must be made clear that this argument is narrowly focusing itself on the visual images within several of Stevens poems. To fully examine the sidelines and tangents of a single poem would be impossible, as the poems themselves grow with discovered philosophies, and appeal to innumerable viewpoints and interpretations. Furthermore, because the word image can have a multiplicity of meanings and derivatives, depending on the school of thought the reader has absorbed, I will constrain the definition of imag e, within this paper, to the stoic To describe especially to describe as to call up a mental picture of (Morris, 657). In Study of Two Pears (Stevens 180) we find 13 sentences within a 24 line poem, and each line composed of only 4 words, on average, per line. It would seems odd for such short sentences to be so descriptive. However, A catalogue of vivid effects would pall pretty quickly, and Stevens sensuous particulars do not pall. He keeps them simple, often short, and sometimes achieves a remarkable sense of presence (Cook 154). This presence builds throughout the poem. It begins with the scientific terms for the two pears in question, Opusculum paedagogum and states that they are pears and resemble nothing.

Pain: Understanding the Subjective, Objectively Essay -- Biology Essay

Pain Understanding the Subjective, ObjectivelyPain is a universal element of the human experience. Everyone, at some point in their lives, experiences pain in one form or another. Pain has numerous causes, effects, and is itself a highly complex biological phenomenon. It similarly carries with it important emotional and social concerns. Pain cannot be entirely understood within the context of any one field of scientific inquiry. Indeed, it must be examined across a range of disciplines, and furthermore considered in relation to important non-scientific influences, such as emotional responses and social determinants. I conducted my explorations regarding pain with the following read/write head in mind to what degree is pain subjective? I found several avenues of inquiry to be useful in my explorations they are (1) the expanding specialty in the medical profession of pain management (2) pain in individuals with spinal cord injuries (SCIs) and (3) pain experiences of children. Examini ng these issues led to the conclusion that pain is in fact a highly subjective phenomenon.The philosophy that you have to learn to live with pain is one that I will never understand or advocate, says Dr. W. David Leak, Chairman & chief operating officer of Pain Net, Inc. (1). Indeed, the notion that pain is an essential element of life, and that one must endure pain to achieve something positive (as conveyed in the omnipresent athletic mantra no pain, no gain) has informed our sense as a society of how pain is to be dealt with. Only recently, with increasing awareness in the health dread community that managing a patients pain is a complex, yet crucial aspect of their care, has societys view of pain and its management begun to change. Pain Management is itself a ne... ...duality as there are other factors that must be taken into consideration. An examination of the emergence of the field of pain management, pain in individuals with spinal cord injuries (SCIs), and the dynamic of the childishness experience with pain provides evidence that the emotional, psychological, and social aspects of pain require that it be considered a subjective phenomenon.RefencesThis paper reflects the research and thoughts of a student at the time the paper was written for a course at Bryn Mawr College. Like other materials on Serendip, it is not intended to be authoritative but rather to military service others further develop their own explorations. Web links were active as of the time the paper was posted but are not updated. Contribute Thoughts chase Serendip for Other Papers Serendip Home Page http//serendip.brynmawr.edu/cgi-bin/comments

Animal behavior :: essays research papers

The study of animal behavior is Ethology. A large part of the studies take a shit been conducted by Lonrenz and Niko Tinbergen who wanted to find out how animals saw the world. For example, seekes. The priapic forget protect its territory. They will become aggressive when they see the red belly of another fish. This reaction is innate or instinctive, it is automatic. An experiment was performed by placing a large red sheet of paper in the tank. This made the male fish aggressive. This aggressiveness is what will make the male more fit in order provide more sperm to the females. The red was the releaser/sign stimuli in this case. If you take a chick for example, its mother will respond to sound alternatively of sight. When a chick is distressed and is placed in a sound proof container, the mother will not respond. However, when there is a physical parapet but not sound proof, the mother will respond to the chicks cries. The releaser/sign stimulus is sound in this case. A bee wil l never see a white flower but instead it will see the target, which is the pollen. Pheromones are not hormones. They are chemicals that are released outside of the animal, and have a scent that will give an effect. Therefore, pheromones can also be releaser/sign stimuli as rise up. When a gull has captured a plentiful supply of fish in its neck, the baby will peck at its mother so the fish will be released for them to feed on. The baby gulls will respond to the binding and forth swinging and the red dot on the mothers beak. When a releaser leads directly to behavior it is called a fix-action pattern. If an egg rolls out of a draw close the mother will immediately try and recollect it. But if the egg is taken away the mother will still do it. This shows that once the shift key is turned on it will continue. Fix action patterns can be learned by humans, and will soon become autonomic. Usually hormones and timing will motivate animals and drive their behavior timing through biolog ical clocks, the animals circadium rhythms (approx 24hrs). This circadium rhythm may be altered by changing the animals environment. If a squirrel is put into the dark and exposed to artificial light, its cycle may shift. Each cell has a biological clock, which means each organ as well as the individual animal has one.

Brendan Behan’s The Quare Fellow and Samuel Beckett Essay -- Brendan B

Brendan Behans The Quare Fellow and Samuel BeckettExistential works are difficult to describe because the definition of existentialism covers a wide range of ideas and influences more or less to the point of ambiguity. An easy, if not basic, approach to existentialism is to view it as a culmination of attitudes from the oppressed people of industrialization, authors and philosophers during the modern literary period, and people who were personally knotted as civilians, soldiers, or rebels during WWII and witnessed the worst aspects of life and war. These attitudes combined the aspects of loss of identity and autonomy, the uselessness of pain, a sense of alienation, and the meaninglessness of a harsh life where remainder is the only way out all of these things helped give birth to a new philosophy that for the first time dealt with the cold reality of life later WWII. The canon of existential literature almost singularly deals with native authors from France, Germany, Russia, and the former Czechoslovakia however, there has yet to be a universally accepted Irish writer to belong to this category. Some argue that this segregation of Irish writers has to do with Irelands geographical location and its neutrality during WWII however, if existentialism is purely an amalgamation of attitudes, then a countrys location and direct political policy play a meager role in the classification of a work as existential. Moreover, those arguments pay no attention to expatriates, or the simultaneously related socio-political condition of other countries thus, a reevaluation of the canon, or at least a reconsideration of Irish works as existential is appropriate. Two Irish playwrights who epitomize the attitudes of existentialism a... ...which criticism and interpretation of modern society are available. Behan and Beckett are trying to unsolved societys eyes in order for them to question their lives and the world in which they live. When the representations are understood, the audience can begin to question the establishments of society, the rationality of imposture or complete faith in a soulless and seemingly meaningless world, and the real purpose and meaning of their own lives. Behan and Beckett heighten expectations of existential writing and thought through their unforgiving and callous treatment of society, which reflects the abominable demeanor and absurdities of modern society and life.Works CitedBeckett, Samuel. Waiting for Godot. New York Grove Press, 1954.Behan, Brendan. The Quare Fellow. Modern Irish Drama. Ed. John P. Harrington. New York W.W. Norton & Co, Inc, 1991. 255-310.